{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T05:15:38Z","timestamp":1794028538270,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614729600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004421","name":"World Bank","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004421","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health, Development"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Bacteria possessing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), especially E. coli and Klebsiella species, are problematic, particularly in hospitalized patients. Poultry meat vendors are at risk of carrying ESBL-producing bacteria when processing and handling meat products in an unhygienic environment. There is limited information on the carriage rate of ESBL-producing pathogens among poultry meat vendors that necessitated the conduction of the study. Method. A cross-sectional study was conducted among poultry meat vendors in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Participants provided rectal swabs in transport media upon instruction. The primary isolation of ESBL-producing bacteria was carried out using MacConkey agar supplemented with ceftazidime. Identification of isolates relied on conventional methods. Double-disk synergy was the method used to confirm ESBL-producing isolates. We performed descriptive statistics using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23. A <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mi>p<\/a:mi>\n                     <\/a:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula> value &lt;\u20090.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. A total of 300 participants were recruited from five districts, with a mean age of 27.2\u2009\u00b1\u20096.7 years. The majority was male (67.3%), and 74.7% worked as poultry meat vendors for more than one year. Out of 300 participants, 107 (35.7%) had confirmed ESBL-producing E. coli and Klebsiella spp. The majority of confirmed ESBL-producing isolates was E. coli (78.5%). Participants from Ubungo District had significantly higher carriage of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. (48.0%, 95% CI: 34.8\u201347.7) than Temeke District (21.4%, 95% CI: 13.4\u201332.4). Only 28.0% of participants had access to latrines at the workplace, and all working areas lacked access to running water. Conclusion. The study revealed a relatively high fecal carriage rate of ESBL-producing E. coli and Klebsiella spp. among poultry meat vendors. Poor working environments and hygienic practices are risks for spread of these multidrug-resitant pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6653993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]],"date-time":"2021-03-04T01:35:09Z","timestamp":1614821709000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["High Carriage Rate of Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella Species among Poultry Meat Vendors in Dar es Salaam: The Urgent Need for Intervention to Prevent the Spread of Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"given":"Lutengano W.","family":"Mwanginde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"},{"name":"Directorate of Forensic Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs, P. O. Box 9094, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3726-2816","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mtebe","family":"Majigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debora C.","family":"Kajeguka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, P. O. Box 2240, Moshi Kilimanjaro, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agricola","family":"Joachim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","article-title":"ESBLS: a clear and present danger?","volume":"2012","author":"R. H.-P. Dhillon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Critical Care Research and Practice"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-10-39"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2011.05.009"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2013.1502"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00142"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/504921"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl211"},{"key":"8","volume-title":"WHO Global Strategy for Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance","author":"W. H. 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Kariuki","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioMed Central Journals"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168024"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2018.05.017"},{"key":"24","volume-title":"Determining Sample Size","author":"G. D. Israel","year":"1992"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-017-0292-y"},{"key":"26","first-page":"348","article-title":"Comparison of various methods for the detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"2","author":"M. 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