{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T02:42:52Z","timestamp":1747190572291,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615161600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CES University","award":["INV032017008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV032017008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Scientific World Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives. To analyze changes in the dental fluorosis (DF) incidence according to a birth cohort and explore current exposure to DF in a case series. Methods. Repeated cross-sectional study of two periods: 2015 and 2018. Two standardized examiners registered DF using the Thylstrup-Fejerskov index in permanent teeth of children aged 7\u201318 years. Period and birth cohort frequencies were estimated by a generalized linear model, binomial family, and logarithmic link function. Period estimates are presented as prevalence ratios (PR) and birth cohort estimates as cumulative incidence ratios (RR); 95% confidence intervals and <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mi>P<\/a:mi>\n                     <\/a:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula> values are reported. In a subsample of 37 volunteers (12.29\u2009\u00b1\u20092.63 years), the fluoride (F) concentration in toenails was measured using the HMDS diffusion method and an ion-specific electrode. Other samples from the local environment such as food, soil, and coal were also collected. Results. In 274 children, we found that nonsignificant increases between periods (PR\u2009=\u20091.17; 95% CI: 0.89\u20131.55) were not explained by birth cohort effects. A total of 37.8% of the subsample had a toenail F concentration \u22652\u2009\u03bcg F\/g. The salty snacks and seasoning had the highest F concentrations among local environmental samples. Conclusion. In this population with a high DF frequency according to birth cohort and the evaluated period, the study of soil, coal, and food samples indicated a continued F exposure. F concentration found in the toenails shows a moderate F exposure; nearly a third of the children and adolescents exceeded the adopted threshold of 2\u2009\u03bcg F\/g. It is important to monitor and explore changes in exposure in highly affected population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6662940","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]],"date-time":"2021-03-09T01:50:05Z","timestamp":1615254605000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Dental Fluorosis according to Birth Cohort and Fluoride Markers in an Endemic Region of Colombia"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1526-6162","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Saldarriaga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Dental Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"School of Dentistry, CES University, Medell\u00edn, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2621-2231","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Manuel","family":"Restrepo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, CES University, Medell\u00edn, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2293-0431","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Diego F.","family":"Rojas-Gualdr\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, CES University, Medellin, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8628-9524","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thamyris de Souza","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5985-3951","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marilia Afonso Rabelo","family":"Buzalaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2386-842X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lourdes","family":"Santos-Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology and Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6633-7376","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fabiano","family":"Jeremias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Dental Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000327028"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2008.0071"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0528.2002.00053.x"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154411130201300206"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12187"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2006.00281.x"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000016552"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000235580"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2012.00688.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"10","first-page":"106","article-title":"Environmental epidemic characteristics of coal burning endemic fluorosis and the safety threshold of coal fluoride in China","volume":"36","author":"Y. 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