{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T23:23:25Z","timestamp":1780615405437,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":74,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019R1G1A109954512"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1G1A109954512"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002514","name":"Korea Military Academy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002514","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Sensors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In force measurement applications, a piezoelectric force sensor is one of the most popular sensors due to its advantages of low cost, linear response, and high sensitivity. Piezoelectric sensors effectively convert dynamic forces to electrical signals by the direct piezoelectric effect, but their use has been limited in measuring static forces due to the easily neutralized surface charge. To overcome this shortcoming, several static (either pure static or quasistatic) force sensing techniques using piezoelectric materials have been developed utilizing several unique parameters rather than just the surface charge produced by an applied force. The parameters for static force measurement include the resonance frequency, electrical impedance, decay time constant, and capacitance. In this review, we discuss the detailed mechanism of these piezoelectric\u2010type, static force sensing methods that use more than the direct piezoelectric effect. We also highlight the challenges and potentials of each method for static force sensing applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6664200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T00:50:07Z","timestamp":1615942207000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Static Force Measurement Using Piezoelectric Sensors"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3468-6245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyungrim","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2072-3922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinwook","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoning","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3009-9956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taeyang","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_2","unstructured":"KotokuT. KomoriyaK. andTanieK. A force display system for virtual environments and its evaluation IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Communication 1992 Tokyo Japan 246\u2013251."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HachisuT.andFukumotoM. VacuumTouch: attractive force feedback interface for haptic interactive surface using air suction SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2014 Toronto Canada 411\u2013420.","DOI":"10.1145\/2556288.2557252"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KazashiY. MatsudaH. andNakataT. Effective contact method without lateral inhibition in virtual force perception device 2018 International Workshop on Advanced Image Technology (IWAIT) 2018 Chiang Mai Thailand 1\u20134.","DOI":"10.1109\/IWAIT.2018.8369720"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edsinger-GonzalesA.andWeberJ. Domo: a force sensing humanoid robot for manipulation research 4th IEEE\/RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots 2004 2004 Santa Monica CA USA 273\u2013291.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICHR.2004.1442127"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rob.4620060206"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2011.12.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KumarN. PiccinO. MeylheucL. Barb\u00e9L. andBayleB. Design development and preliminary assessment of a force sensor for robotized medical applications 2014 IEEE\/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics 2014 Besacon France 1368\u20131374.","DOI":"10.1109\/AIM.2014.6878273"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2011.2119850"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paredes-MadridL. TorruellaP. SolaecheP. GalianaI. andde SantosP. G. Accurate modeling of low-cost piezoresistive force sensors for haptic interfaces 2010 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation 2010 Anchorage AK USA 1828\u20131833.","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.2010.5509436"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2017.11.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CuellarF. YamamotoT. andIshiguroH. Design and development of a low power tactile multi-sensor network for robotic systems 2014 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation 2014 Tianjin China 331\u2013336.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMA.2014.6885718"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2005.11.059"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/24\/3\/035018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/12\/6\/314"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2017.2665653"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1710874115"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaelm.0c00538"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/20\/4\/045009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s16060819"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s140304899"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bios4040422"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2012.02.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2005.1561684"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2015.09.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(99)00359-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(03)00005-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/aa63da"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_2","unstructured":"OzeriS.andShmilovitzD. Static force measurement by piezoelectric sensors 2006 IEEE international symposium on circuits and systems 2006 Kos Greece."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/18\/8\/009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2016.2630670"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2012.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030604"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20102830"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2870396"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s141222199"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2010.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst4030351"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0924-4247(95)00846-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MaezawaM. ImahashiT. KurodaY. AdachiH. andYanagisawaK. Tactile sensor using piezoelectric resonator International Solid State Sensors and Actuators Conference 1997 Chicago IL USA 117\u2013120.","DOI":"10.1109\/SENSOR.1997.613596"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2213975"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/58.726459"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00067a002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2004.833505"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C1LC20492K"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0924-4247(92)80096-L"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2013.01.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/4\/1\/004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2014.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2009.12.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_2","unstructured":"SekalskiS.andNapieralskiA. Static absolute force measurement for preloaded piezoelements used for active Lorentz force detuning system Proceedings of LINAC 2004 2004 L\u00fcbeck Germany."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_2","unstructured":"FouaidyM. HammoudiN. andOrsayI. Characterization of piezoelectric actuators used for SRF cavities active tuning at low temperature 2003 11th Superconducting Radio Frequency workshop 2003 L\u00fcbeck Germany."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4729766"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2006.886274"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2017.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_2","volume-title":"Volume A: Theory and User Information","author":"Marc M.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jsen.2015.2477340"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2012.2488"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s140100144"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2014.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-2916.2011.04792.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2008.985"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1968419"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2012.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3598115"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/58.16980"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_2","unstructured":"ShenY. XiN. LiW. J. andTanJ. A high sensitivity force sensor for microassembly: design and experiments Proceedings 2003 IEEE\/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics (AIM 2003) 2003 Kobe Japan 703\u2013708."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FungC. K. ElhajjI. LiW. J. andXiN. A 2-D PVDF force sensing system for micro-manipulation and micro-assembly 2002 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation 2002 Washington DC USA 1489\u20131494.","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.2002.1014754"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"YujiJ.-i.andSonodaC. A PVDF tactile sensor for static contact force and contact temperature SENSORS 2006 IEEE 2006 Daegu Korea (South) 738\u2013741.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSENS.2007.355574"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/02602280610675465"}],"container-title":["Journal of Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/js\/2021\/6664200.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/js\/2021\/6664200.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/2021\/6664200","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T03:18:28Z","timestamp":1724642308000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/2021\/6664200"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Manel","family":"Gasulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/2021\/6664200"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/6664200","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-725X","1687-7268"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-725X","type":"print"},{"value":"1687-7268","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-11-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-03-03","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-03-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"6664200"}}