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Previous studies demonstrated the disturbance of lymphocyte subpopulations in RA patients. The purpose of this study was to explore the characteristics of gut microbiome and the associations between bacterium and lymphocyte subpopulations as well as cytokines in patients with RA. Fecal samples from 205 RA patients and 199 healthy controls (HCs) were collected for bacterial DNA extraction and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing. The levels of peripheral lymphocyte subpopulation such as T, B, CD4+T, CD8+T, NK, T helper 1 (Th1), Th2, Th17, and regulatory T cells (Tregs) of these subjects were detected by flow cytometry combined with standard absolute counting beads. The serum levels of cytokines interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, tumour necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), and interferon-\u03b3 (INF-\u03b3) were tested by flow cytometric bead array (CBA). Alpha and beta diversity of gut microbiome were explored by bioinformatics analysis. Spearman rank correlation test was used to explore the relationships between gut microbiome and lymphocyte subsets as well as serum cytokines. The diversity and relative abundance of intestinal microbiota in patients with RA were significantly different from those in HCs. Detailly, the abundant of phylum Proteobacteria in RA patients was more than that in HCs, while Firmicutes was less than in HCs. There was increased relative abundance of genus Clostridium_XlVa as well as genus Blautia, more abundance of Ruminococcus2 in patients with lower levels of T, B, CD4+T, and Tregs. In addition, the relative abundances of Pelagibacterium, Oxalobacter, ClostridiumXlVb, and ClostridiumXVIII were correlated with cytokines. Gut microbiome of RA patients was clearly different from that of HCs. Abnormal bacteria communities are associated with the altered levels of lymphocyte subpopulation and cytokines, which might be one of the pathogenesis of RA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6665563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]],"date-time":"2021-01-08T19:04:04Z","timestamp":1610132644000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["The Gut Microbiota and Its Relevance to Peripheral Lymphocyte Subpopulations and Cytokines in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"given":"Yuan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China"},{"name":"Key laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng-Xiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China"},{"name":"Key laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu-Fang","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Xing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Hong","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Precision Medicine Center, The Shanxi Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min-Jing","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chong","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7500-0959","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ya-Feng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Precision Medicine Center, The Shanxi Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8899-1886","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiao-Feng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20072051"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1004965"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60826-4"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-016-0299-7"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2017.36"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-013-0338-1"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.01202"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3914"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.03.011"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2710"},{"issue":"8","key":"11","first-page":"1500","article-title":"Fecal microbiota in early rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"35","author":"J. 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