{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T20:43:19Z","timestamp":1759092199043,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615161600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61872061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61872061"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Security and Communication Networks"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Distance bounding protocols guarantee a credible distance upper bound between the devices which require the spatial distance as a security parameter to defend Mafia Fraud attacks. However, in RF systems, the realization of distance bounding protocol faces obstacles due to low spectrum efficiency, since the distance bound estimation consumes a significant amount of frequency band in existing schemes. This hinders RF distance bounding from being practically deployed, especially in commonly used ISM bands. In this work, we propose an alternative, spectrum-efficient scheme for RF distance bounding. We build the physical layer as well as a protocol design based on SFCW signal and SFCW ranging. Thus, comparing existing schemes that consume many frequency bands, our scheme frees many spectrum resources. We propose solutions to the unique challenges facing such an SFCW-based scheme design, namely, data communication over unintelligent SFCW signals, and secure synchronization in the SFCW-based challenge-response exchange. We evaluate our scheme via the security analysis and physical layer simulations. The results show (i) its resistance to attacks commonly concerned in distance bounding, (ii) the feasibility of the physical layer design such as accurate ranging and data communication function, and (iii) the communication noise tolerance and the ability of multipath signal discrimination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6668498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]],"date-time":"2021-03-09T00:50:08Z","timestamp":1615251008000},"page":"1-15","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Spectrum-Efficient Cross-Layer RF Distance Bounding Scheme"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4043-122X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yihang","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4054-6513","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Songfan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8857-0144","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4361-012X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Li","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"author":"A. Francillon","key":"1","article-title":"Relay attacks on passive keyless entry and start systems in modern cars"},{"article-title":"Tesla model s stolen in 30 seconds using keyless hack","year":"2019","author":"M. Humphries","key":"2"},{"first-page":"410","article-title":"Proximity-based access control for implantable medical devices","author":"K. B. Rasmussen","key":"3"},{"author":"S. K. Gupta","key":"4","article-title":"Proximity based access control in smart-emergency departments"},{"key":"5","article-title":"Keep your enemies close: distance bounding against smartcard relay attacks","volume":"312","author":"S. Drimer","year":"2007","journal-title":"In USENIX Security Symposium"},{"first-page":"1","article-title":"Secure verification of location claims","author":"N. Sastry","key":"6"},{"first-page":"7","article-title":"Location verification using secure distance bounding protocols","author":"D. Singelee","key":"7"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-48285-7_30","article-title":"Distance-bounding protocols","volume-title":"Advances in Cryptology \u2014 EUROCRYPT \u201993","author":"S. Brands","year":"1994"},{"article-title":"Low-power distance bounding","year":"2014","author":"A. Ranganathan","key":"9"},{"first-page":"83","article-title":"So near and yet so far: distance-bounding attacks in wireless networks","author":"J. Clulow","key":"10"},{"first-page":"389","article-title":"Realization of rf distance bounding","author":"K. B. Rasmussen","key":"11"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/twc.2015.2400440"},{"key":"13","article-title":"Fmcw-based realization of distance bounding protocols","volume":"753","author":"A. Ranganathan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Technical Report"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/twc.2016.2532858"},{"first-page":"1","article-title":"Uwb rapid-bit-exchange system for distance bounding","author":"N. O. Tippenhauer","key":"15"},{"key":"16"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/proc.1983.12572"},{"key":"18","article-title":"The Rf in RFID: Uhf RFID in practice","volume-title":"Newnes","author":"D. M. Dobkin","year":"2012"},{"first-page":"194","article-title":"Attacks on time-of-flight distance bounding channels","author":"G. P. Hancke","key":"19"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jssc.2003.817249"},{"first-page":"28","article-title":"Uwb impulse radio based distance bounding","author":"M. Kuhn","key":"21"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2010.04.014"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/proc.1974.9383"},{"first-page":"9","article-title":"System description of a stepped frequency cw radar for humanitarian demining","author":"P. Van Genderen","key":"24"},{"year":"2020","key":"25"},{"first-page":"II","article-title":"A performance and complexity comparison of auto-correlation and cross-correlation for ofdm burst synchronization","author":"A. Fort","key":"26"},{"first-page":"1","article-title":"Discrimination of near-surface targets in step-frequency radar","author":"V. Mikhnev","key":"27"},{"first-page":"113","article-title":"Distance Hijacking Attacks on Distance Bounding Protocols","author":"C. Cremers","key":"28"},{"first-page":"1563","article-title":"Modelling and analysis of a hierarchy of distance bounding attacks","author":"T. Chothia","key":"29"},{"author":"S. Sedihpour","key":"30","article-title":"Implementation of attacks on ultrasonic ranging systems"},{"first-page":"223","article-title":"Distance-bounding proof of knowledge to avoid real-time attacks","author":"L. Bussard","key":"31"},{"first-page":"21","article-title":"Special uses and abuses of the fiat-shamir passport protocol","author":"Y. Desmedt","key":"32"},{"first-page":"204","article-title":"Detecting relay attacks with timing-based protocols","author":"J. Reid","key":"33"},{"first-page":"28","article-title":"A new multi-target detection for vehicle radar","author":"Z. Liu","key":"34"},{"first-page":"1","article-title":"An improved model of vehicle radar for multi-target based on stepped frequency pulse radar","author":"Z. Liu","key":"35"},{"first-page":"1","article-title":"A vehicle based sfcw sar for differential interferometry","author":"B. Lu","key":"36"}],"container-title":["Security and Communication Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/scn\/2021\/6668498.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/scn\/2021\/6668498.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/scn\/2021\/6668498.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]],"date-time":"2021-03-09T00:50:13Z","timestamp":1615251013000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/scn\/2021\/6668498\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Kuo-Hui","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["6668498","6668498"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/6668498","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-0122","1939-0114"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1939-0122"},{"type":"print","value":"1939-0114"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]]}}}