{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T10:33:23Z","timestamp":1770892403899,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]],"date-time":"2021-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624838400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61662021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61662021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72062015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72062015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["620RC561"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["620RC561"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Hnjg2021ZD-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Hnjg2021ZD-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Hnky2019-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Hnky2019-13"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HDJY2102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HDJY2102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HDJWJG03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HDJWJG03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004761","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61662021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61662021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004761","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004761","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72062015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72062015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004761","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004761","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["620RC561"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["620RC561"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004761","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004761","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Hnjg2021ZD-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Hnjg2021ZD-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004761","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004761","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Hnky2019-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Hnky2019-13"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004761","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004761","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HDJY2102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HDJY2102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004761","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004761","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HDJWJG03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HDJWJG03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004761","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010834","name":"Education Department of Hainan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61662021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61662021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010834","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010834","name":"Education Department of Hainan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72062015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72062015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010834","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010834","name":"Education Department of Hainan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["620RC561"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["620RC561"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010834","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010834","name":"Education Department of Hainan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Hnjg2021ZD-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Hnjg2021ZD-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010834","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010834","name":"Education Department of Hainan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Hnky2019-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Hnky2019-13"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010834","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010834","name":"Education Department of Hainan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HDJY2102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HDJY2102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010834","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010834","name":"Education Department of Hainan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HDJWJG03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HDJWJG03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010834","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005693","name":"Hainan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61662021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61662021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005693","name":"Hainan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72062015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72062015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005693","name":"Hainan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["620RC561"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["620RC561"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005693","name":"Hainan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Hnjg2021ZD-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Hnjg2021ZD-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005693","name":"Hainan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Hnky2019-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Hnky2019-13"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005693","name":"Hainan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HDJY2102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HDJY2102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005693","name":"Hainan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HDJWJG03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HDJWJG03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mobile Information Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Privacy protection has recently been in the spotlight of attention to both academia and industry. Society protects individual data privacy through complex legal frameworks. The increasing number of applications of data science and artificial intelligence has resulted in a higher demand for the ubiquitous application of the data. The privacy protection of the broad Data-Information-Knowledge-Wisdom (DIKW) landscape, the next generation of information organization, has taken a secondary role. In this paper, we will explore DIKW architecture through the applications of the popular swarm intelligence and differential privacy. As differential privacy proved to be an effective data privacy approach, we will look at it from a DIKW domain perspective. Swarm intelligence can effectively optimize and reduce the number of items in DIKW used in differential privacy, thus accelerating both the effectiveness and the efficiency of differential privacy for crossing multiple modals of conceptual DIKW. The proposed approach is demonstrated through the application of personalized data that is based on the open-source IRIS dataset. This experiment demonstrates the efficiency of swarm intelligence in reducing computing complexity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6671628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]],"date-time":"2021-06-29T00:24:25Z","timestamp":1624926265000},"page":"1-15","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Swarm Differential Privacy for Purpose-Driven Data-Information-Knowledge-Wisdom Architecture"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3933-4342","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yingbo","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hainan University, Haikou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8417-892X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yucong","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hainan University, Haikou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4462-8337","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zakaria","family":"Maamar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zayed University, Dubai, UAE"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0680-2285","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Haoyang","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zeekr Group, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3550-4447","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anamaria-Beatrice","family":"Spulber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Visionogy, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6893-6767","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stelios","family":"Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leicester University, Leicester, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach","author":"S. Russell","year":"2002"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14541"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/20466602046677"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-160218"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/971617.971643"},{"key":"6","article-title":"Traversing knowledge graphs in vector space","author":"K. Guu","year":"2015"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551506070706"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/s0218194021020010"},{"key":"9","first-page":"143","article-title":"Data governance and information governance: set of definitions in relation to data and information as part of DIKW","author":"M. Jan"},{"key":"10","first-page":"3","article-title":"From data to wisdom","volume":"16","author":"R. L. Ackoff","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Systems Analysis"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mcg.2009.6"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/s0218194021400015"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/bigdata47090.2019.9006469"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2020.2969704"},{"key":"15","article-title":"Privacy and data protection by design\u2014from policy to engineering","author":"G. Danezis","year":"2015"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41019-015-0001-x"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-57959-7","volume-title":"The Eu General Data Protection Regulation (gdpr). A Practical Guide","author":"P. Voigt","year":"2017","edition":"1st Ed."},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3275571","volume-title":"A Guide to the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018","author":"L. de la Torre","year":"2018"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40537-016-0059-y"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/190903"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2018.2820162"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2019.03.002"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-11-s12-s1"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksuci.2017.06.001"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.2983835"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3391198"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-020-01535-1"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-019-01246-2"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2020.3027681"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tc.2015.2470247"},{"issue":"1","key":"31","first-page":"559","article-title":"Imbalanced-learn: a python toolbox to tackle the curse of imbalanced datasets in machine learning","volume":"18","author":"G. Lema\u00eetre","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202010.0101.v1","article-title":"Tabular GANs for uneven distribution","author":"I. Ashrapov","year":"2020"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2017.10.006"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2009.191"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Big data security and privacy protection","author":"D. Zhang","DOI":"10.2991\/icmcs-18.2018.56"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1559845.1559850"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/avss.2017.8078554"},{"key":"38","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deepfake video detection using recurrent neural networks","author":"D. G\u00fcera"},{"key":"39","first-page":"1","article-title":"A classification module in data masking framework for business intelligence platform in healthcare","author":"O. Ali"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5771\/0943-7444-2019-1-33"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3127\/ajis.v18i1.748"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-019-02200-6"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/sera.2017.7965747"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18293\/seke2017-079"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/775152.775199"},{"key":"46","first-page":"139","article-title":"Existence computation: revelation on entity vs. Relationship for relationship defined everything of semantics","author":"Y. Duan"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/ijsi.2018040102"},{"key":"48","article-title":"Knowledge graph representation with jointly structural and textual encoding","author":"J. Xu","year":"2016"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tkde.2017.2754499"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Knowledge graph identification","author":"J. Pujara","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-41335-3_34"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2017.07.007"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2019.2931365"},{"key":"53","first-page":"1","article-title":"Differential privacy: a survey of results","author":"C. Dwork"},{"key":"54","first-page":"308","article-title":"Deep learning with differential privacy","author":"M. Abadi"},{"key":"55","first-page":"19","article-title":"Privacy integrated queries: an extensible platform for privacy-preserving data analysis","author":"F. D. McSherry"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551508094050"},{"issue":"1","key":"57","first-page":"16","article-title":"A discussion on the normative expression of information concepts\u2014comment on the definition of information in terms of library, information and documentation","volume":"39","author":"J. Ye","year":"2019","journal-title":"University Library Work"},{"key":"58","author":"Data Masking"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-50920-4_19"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5120\/1810-2331"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.swevo.2016.12.005"},{"key":"62","first-page":"39","article-title":"A new optimizer using particle swarm theory","author":"R. Eberhart"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en11113177"},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/make1010010"},{"key":"65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2015.02.009"},{"key":"66","author":"Differential Privacy Library"},{"key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1452","article-title":"BERT rediscovers the classical NLP pipeline","author":"I. Tenney","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["Mobile Information Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/misy\/2021\/6671628.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/misy\/2021\/6671628.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/misy\/2021\/6671628.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]],"date-time":"2021-06-29T00:24:35Z","timestamp":1624926275000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/misy\/2021\/6671628\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Bazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]]},"references-count":67,"alternative-id":["6671628","6671628"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/6671628","relation":{},"ISSN":["1875-905X","1574-017X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1875-905X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1574-017X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]]}}}