{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T18:07:12Z","timestamp":1788286032102,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640131200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Scientific World Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Background. Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is defined as a progressive disease of the synovial joints and is characterized by wear and tear of the cartilage and underlying bone. This study aimed to determine the short-term effects of the lower limb rehabilitation protocol (LLRP) on pain, stiffness, physical function, and body mass index (BMI) among knee OA participants who were overweight or obese. Methodology. A single-blinded randomized controlled trial of one-month duration was conducted at Rehmatul-Lil-Alameen Postgraduate Institute, Lahore, Pakistan. Fifty overweight or obese participants with knee OA were randomly divided into two groups by a computer-generated number. Participants in the rehabilitation protocol group (RPG) were provided with leaflets explaining the strengthening exercises of the LLRP and instruction of daily care (IDC), while the participants in the control group (CG) were provided with leaflets explaining the IDC only for a duration of four weeks. The primary outcome measures were the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scores for pain, stiffness, and physical function. The secondary outcome measures were BMI, exercise adherence, and patients\u2019 satisfaction assessed by using the numeric rating scale ranging from 0 to 10. The paired-sample t-test was used to analyze the differences within groups from baseline to posttest evaluations. The analysis of variance 2\u2009\u00d7\u20092 factor was used to analyze the differences in BMI, knee pain, stiffness, and physical function between the groups. Results. Participants in the RPG and CG reported a statistically significant reduction in knee pain and stiffness (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mi>p<\/a:mi>\n                        <a:mo>\u2264<\/a:mo>\n                        <a:mn>0.05<\/a:mn>\n                      <\/a:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ) within the group. The reduction in the scores of knee pain was higher in participants in the RPG than that in participants in the CG (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\">\n                        <c:mi>p<\/c:mi>\n                        <c:mo>=<\/c:mo>\n                        <c:mn>0.001<\/c:mn>\n                      <\/c:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ). Additionally, participants in the RPG reported greater satisfaction (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <e:math xmlns:e=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\">\n                        <e:mi>p<\/e:mi>\n                        <e:mo>=<\/e:mo>\n                        <e:mn>0.001<\/e:mn>\n                      <\/e:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ) and higher self-reported exercise adherence (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <g:math xmlns:g=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\">\n                        <g:mi>p<\/g:mi>\n                        <g:mo>=<\/g:mo>\n                        <g:mn>0.010<\/g:mn>\n                      <\/g:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ) and coordinator-reported exercise adherence (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <i:math xmlns:i=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\">\n                        <i:mi>p<\/i:mi>\n                        <i:mo>=<\/i:mo>\n                        <i:mn>0.046<\/i:mn>\n                      <\/i:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ) than the participants in the CG. Conclusion. Short-term effects of the LLRP appear to reduce knee pain and stiffness only, but not physical function and BMI.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6672274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T17:50:52Z","timestamp":1640195452000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Short-Term Effects of Strengthening Exercises of the Lower Limb Rehabilitation Protocol on Pain, Stiffness, Physical Function, and Body Mass Index among Knee Osteoarthritis Participants Who Were Overweight or Obese: A Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3701-3070","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Muhammad Tariq","family":"Rafiq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"},{"name":"Rehmatul-Lil-Alameen Postgraduate Institute of Cardiology, Punjab Employees Social Security Institution, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamad Shariff A.","family":"Hamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliza","family":"Hafiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","volume-title":"DeLee & Drez\u2019s Orthopaedic Sports Medicine E-Book","author":"M. 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