{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T04:51:09Z","timestamp":1773377469460,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":118,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Digitization and automation have engulfed every scope and sphere of life. Internet of Things (IoT) has been the main enabler of the revolution. There still exist challenges in IoT that need to be addressed such as the limited address space for the increasing number of devices when using IPv4 and IPv6 as well as key security issues such as vulnerable access control mechanisms. Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that has immense benefits such as enhanced security and traceability. Thus, blockchain can serve as a good foundation for applications based on transaction and interactions. IoT implementations and applications are by definition distributed. This means blockchain can help to solve most of the security vulnerabilities and traceability concerns of IoTs by using blockchain as a ledger that can keep track of how devices interact, in which state they are and how they transact with other IoT devices. IoT applications have been mainly implemented with technologies such as cloud and fog computing, and AI to help address some of its key challenges. The key implementation challenges and technical choices to consider in making a successful blockchain IoT (BIoT) project are clearly outlined in this paper. The security and privacy aspect of BIoT applications are also analyzed, and several relevant solutions to improve the scalability and throughput of such applications are proposed. The paper also reviews integration schemes and monitoring frameworks for BIoT applications. A hybrid blockchain IoT integration architecture that makes use of containerization is proposed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6672482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T17:05:20Z","timestamp":1619715920000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["On Blockchain and IoT Integration Platforms: Current Implementation Challenges and Future Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4675-6853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clement","family":"Nartey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3242-9747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric Tutu","family":"Tchao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0550-9431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James Dzisi","family":"Gadze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4524-4370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliel","family":"Keelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2509-6665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Griffith Selorm","family":"Klogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3145-0066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Kommey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8917-8053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwasi","family":"Diawuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","unstructured":"BitShares 4.0 | OSS Solutions for finance and business management based on blockchain technology June 2020 https:\/\/bitshares.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2923525"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jsyst.2020.2963840"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3015980"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18174\/426747"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9061052"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AichS. ChakrabortyS. SainM. LeeH. andKimH.-C. A review on benefits of IoT integrated blockchain based supply chain management implementations across different sectors with case study 2019 21st International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT) 2019 PyeongChang Korea (South) 138\u2013141 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23919\/ICACT.2019.8701910 2-s2.0-85065668605.","DOI":"10.23919\/ICACT.2019.8701910"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/SCM-03-2018-0143"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TianF. An agri-food supply chain traceability system for China based on RFID & Blockchain technology 2016 13th International Conference on Service Systems and Service Management (ICSSSM) June 2016 Kunming China https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICSSSM.2016.7538424 2-s2.0-84986571280.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSSSM.2016.7538424"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2879579"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2707489"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen-AnH. SilverstonT. YamazakiT. andMiyoshiT. Generating IoT traffic in smart home environment 2020 IEEE 17th Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC) 2020 Las Vegas NV USA https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ccnc46108.2020.9045343.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCNC46108.2020.9045343"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s17091978"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00051144.2019.1660036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2802699"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2808326"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jsen.2020.2981558"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.11.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.2986444"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.001.1900180"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_2","unstructured":"NakamotoS. Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System Bitcoin https:\/\/bitcoin.org\/bitcoin.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LiS. YuM. YangC. AvestimehrA. S. KannanS. andViswanathP. PolyShard: Coded Sharding Achieves Linearly Scaling Efficiency and Security Simultaneously 2020 Cornell University.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISIT44484.2020.9174305"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2842685"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_2","unstructured":"Statista Size of the blockchain technology market worldwide from 2018 to 2025 Statista https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/647231\/worldwide-blockchain-technology-market-size\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_2","unstructured":"ButerinV. Ethereum Whitepaper Ethereum https:\/\/ethereum.org\/whitepaper\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_2","unstructured":"SchwartzD. YoungsN. andBrittoA. The Ripple Protocol Consensus Algorithm Ripple https:\/\/ripple.com\/files\/ripple_consensus_whitepaper.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_2","unstructured":"PalmerJ.andNakamotoS. Dogecoin The Dogecoin Project https:\/\/dogecoin.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2566339"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KarafiloskiE.andMishevA. Blockchain solutions for big data challenges: a literature review IEEE EUROCON 2017 -17th International Conference on Smart Technologies 2017 Ohrid Macedonia https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/eurocon.2017.8011213 2-s2.0-85029379106.","DOI":"10.1109\/EUROCON.2017.8011213"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-JaroodiJ.andMohamedN. Industrial applications of blockchain 2019 IEEE 9th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC) 2019 Las Vegas NV USA https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CCWC.2019.8666530 2-s2.0-85062212214.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCWC.2019.8666530"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2019.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3639000"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11591\/ijece.v10i2.pp1430-1437"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_2","article-title":"Cryptography: the key technology for security management","volume":"7","author":"Srilaya S.","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_2","unstructured":"TarA. Smart Contracts Explained Cointelegraph 2017 https:\/\/cointelegraph.com\/explained\/smart-contracts-explained."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_2","unstructured":"CommunityL. HyperLedger Fabric White Paper Linux Foundation 2018 https:\/\/www.hyperledger.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/HL_Whitepaper_IntroductiontoHyperledger.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_2","volume-title":"Walmart Blockchain Pilot Aims to Make China\u2019s Pork Market Safer - CoinDesk","author":"Castillo M.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_2","volume-title":"Walmart: Blockchain Food Tracking Test Results Are \u2018Very Encouraging\u2019 - CoinDesk","author":"Higgins S.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_2","unstructured":"Go Ethereum August 2020 https:\/\/geth.ethereum.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2017.2704613"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jiot.2018.2844296"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2865527"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2973178"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2016.2586844"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2018.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_2","unstructured":"ChalimovA. IoT in Agriculture: 8 Technology Use Cases for Smart Farming (and Challenges to Consider) 2020 https:\/\/easternpeak.com\/blog\/iot-in-agriculture-5-technology-use-cases-for-smart-farming-and-4-challenges-to-consider\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_2","unstructured":"GrainMate GM-101 grain moisture meter Sesi Technologies June 2020 https:\/\/sesitechnologies.com\/grainmate-gm-101-grain-moisture-meter-2\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2020.2967041"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3638991"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.2987688"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.05.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"OthmanM. M.andEl-MousaA. Internet of things cloud computing internet of things as a service approach 2020 11th International Conference on Information and Communication Systems (ICICS) 2020 Irbid Jordan 318\u2013323 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICICS49469.2020.239503.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICS49469.2020.239503"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2020.105476"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102139"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_2","unstructured":"Slock it Slock.it website June 2020 https:\/\/slock.it\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2874095"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2970110"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"XuR. NikoueiS. Y. ChenY. BlaschE. andAvedA. BlendMAS: a blockchain-enabled decentralized microservices architecture for smart public safety 2019 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain (Blockchain) 2019 Atlanta GA USA 564\u2013571 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/Blockchain.2019.00082.","DOI":"10.1109\/Blockchain.2019.00082"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2020.106449"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2993700"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_2","unstructured":"The case for IPv6 as an enabler of the internet of things - IEEE internet of things November 2020 https:\/\/iot.ieee.org\/newsletter\/july-2015\/the-case-for-ipv6-as-an-enabler-of-the-internet-of-things.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_2","unstructured":"Internet assigned numbers authority November 2020 https:\/\/www.iana.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2847705"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app10020488"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SiddiqiM. AllS. T. andSivaramanV. Secure lightweight context-driven data logging for bodyworn sensing devices 2017 5th International Symposium on Digital Forensic and Security (ISDFS) 2017 Tirgu Mures Romania 1\u20136 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ISDFS.2017.7916500 2-s2.0-85020186689.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISDFS.2017.7916500"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.2988667"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.09.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.001.1900178"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KarapapasC. PittarasI. FotiouN. andPolyzosG. C. Ransomware as a service using smart contracts and IPFS 2020 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC) May 2020 Toronto ON Canada 1\u20135 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICBC48266.2020.9169451.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBC48266.2020.9169451"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SuchaadS. A. MashikoK. IsmailN. B. andAbidinM. H. Z. Blockchain use in home automation for children incentives in parental control Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Machine Learning and Machine Intelligence - MLMI2018 2018 Ha Noi Viet Nam 50\u201353 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3278312.3278326 2-s2.0-85059892799.","DOI":"10.1145\/3278312.3278326"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-020-00906-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_2","unstructured":"HashgraphH. Hedera Hashgraph Whitepaper Hedera Hashgraph 2019 https:\/\/www.hedera.com\/hh-whitepaper-v2.0-17Sep19.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1206212X.2018.1457471"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2019.11.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2016.2619369"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_2","unstructured":"PoonJ.andButerinV. Plasma: scalable autonomous smart contracts 2017 http:\/\/plasma.io\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_2","unstructured":"BackA. CoralloM. DashjrL. FriedenbachM. MaxwellG. MillerA. PoelstraA. Tim\u00f3nJ. andWuilleP. Enabling blockchain innovations with pegged sidechains 2014 http:\/\/www.opensciencereview.com\/papers\/123\/enablingblockchain-innovations-with-pegged-sidechains."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_2","unstructured":"Litecoin - open source P2P digital currency June 2020 https:\/\/litecoin.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_2","unstructured":"Everledger Everledger Website 2020 https:\/\/www.everledger.io\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_2","first-page":"333","volume-title":"Factorization of a 768-bit RSA modulus","author":"Kleinjung T."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PellegriniA. BertaccoV. andAustinT. Fault-based attack of RSA authentication 2010 Design Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE 2010) 2010 Dresden Germany 855\u2013860 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/DATE.2010.5456933.","DOI":"10.1109\/DATE.2010.5456933"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_2","volume-title":"Cryptographic Mechanisms: Recommendations and Key Lengths","author":"BSI","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su\u00e1rez-AlbelaM. Fern\u00e1ndez-Caram\u00e9sT. M. Fraga-LamasP. andCastedoL. A practical performance comparison of ECC and RSA for resource-constrained IoT devices 2018 Global Internet of Things Summit (GIoTS) 2018 Bilbao Spain 1\u20136 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/GIOTS.2018.8534575 2-s2.0-85058465598.","DOI":"10.1109\/GIOTS.2018.8534575"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2016.120"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bin SaleemW. Y. AliH. andAlSalloomN. A framework for securing EHR management in the era of internet of things 2020 3rd International Conference on Computer Applications & Information Security (ICCAIS) 2020 Riyadh Saudi Arabia 1\u20135 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCAIS48893.2020.9096788.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCAIS48893.2020.9096788"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sec.723"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2852563"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-020-02844-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_2","unstructured":"BLAKE2 June 2020 https:\/\/blake2.net\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AlfandiO. OtoumS. andJararwehY. Blockchain solution for IoT-based critical infrastructures: Byzantine fault tolerance NOMS 2020 - 2020 IEEE\/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium 2020 Budapest Hungary 1\u20134 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/NOMS47738.2020.9110312.","DOI":"10.1109\/NOMS47738.2020.9110312"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_2","article-title":"Double-spend counter-attacks: threat of retaliation in proof-of-work systems","volume":"1","author":"Moroz D. J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cryptoeconomic Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_92_2","unstructured":"CastroM.andLiskovB. Practical Byzantine fault tolerance Proc. 3rd Symp. Operat. Syst. Design Implement 1999 New Orleans LA USA 1\u201314."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_93_2","unstructured":"EyalI. GencerA. E. SirerE. G. andRenesseR. V. Bitcoin-NG: a scalable blockchain protocol 13th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 16) 2016 Santa Clara CA 45\u201359 https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/nsdi16\/technical-sessions\/presentation\/eyal."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1700625"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mmce.22012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2020.2970167"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fraga-LamasP. Fern\u00e1ndez-Caram\u00e9sT. M. Noceda-DavilaD. andVilar-MontesinosM. RSS stabilization techniques for a real-time passive UHF RFID pipe monitoring system for smart shipyards 2017 IEEE International Conference on RFID (RFID) May 2017 Phoenix AZ USA 161\u2013166 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/rfid.2017.7945603 2-s2.0-85021213162.","DOI":"10.1109\/RFID.2017.7945603"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fraga-LamasP. Enabling automatic event detection for the pipe workshop of the shipyard 4.0 2017 56th FITCE Congress 2017 Madrid Spain 20\u201327 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/fitce.2017.8093002 2-s2.0-85039765245.","DOI":"10.1109\/FITCE.2017.8093002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_99_2","unstructured":"KingS.andNadalS. PPCoin: peer-to-peer crypto-currency with proof-of-stake Chain Extranet https:\/\/www.chainwhy.com\/upload\/default\/20180619\/126a057fef926dc286accb372da46955.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_100_2","unstructured":"Nxt Whitepaper - Introduction: Nxt Whitepaper June 2020 https:\/\/nxtdocs.jelurida.com\/Nxt_Whitepaper."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_101_2","unstructured":"Decred documentation June 2020 https:\/\/docs.decred.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_102_2","unstructured":"Stellar Consensus Protocol - Stellar June 2020 https:\/\/www.stellar.org\/papers\/stellar-consensus-protocol?locale=en."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_103_2","unstructured":"neo-project Neo documentation June 2020 https:\/\/docs.neo.org\/docs\/en-us\/basic\/whitepaper.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2018.3111247"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_105_2","volume-title":"Own a Vizio Smart TV? It\u2019s Watching You","author":"Angwin J."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KravitzD. W.andCooperJ. Securing user identity and transactions symbiotically: IoT meets blockchain 2017 Global Internet of Things Summit (GIoTS) 2017 Geneva Switzerland 1\u20136 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/GIOTS.2017.8016280 2-s2.0-85029288279.","DOI":"10.1109\/GIOTS.2017.8016280"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-020-00930-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TETC.2020.2983007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_109_2","unstructured":"8 Million Vericoin hack prompts hard fork to recover funds CoinDesk 2014 June 2020 https:\/\/www.coindesk.com\/bitcoin-protected-vericoin-stolen-mintpal-wallet-breach."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_110_2","unstructured":"Vericoin VeriCoin & Verium - Official Site | Home June 2020 https:\/\/vericoin.info\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DongG.andWangX. A secure IoT data integrity auditing scheme based on consortium blockchain 2020 5th IEEE International Conference on Big Data Analytics (ICBDA) 2020 Xiamen China 246\u2013250 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICBDA49040.2020.9101201.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBDA49040.2020.9101201"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JabirR. M. KhanjiS. I. R. AhmadL. A. AlfandiO. andSaidH. Analysis of cloud computing attacks and countermeasures 2016 18th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT) 2016 PyeongChang Korea (South) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/icact.2016.7423296 2-s2.0-84962856946.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACT.2016.7423296"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AtyaA. O. F. QianZ. KrishnamurthyS. V. PortaT. L. McDanielP. andMarvelL. Malicious co-residency on the cloud: attacks and defense IEEE INFOCOM 2017 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications 2017 Atlanta GA USA 1\u20139 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/infocom.2017.8056951 2-s2.0-85034090019.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2017.8056951"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2901840"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.2974555"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2905846"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2019.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MohantaB. K. PandaS. S. SatapathyU. JenaD. andGountiaD. Trustworthy management in decentralized IoT application using blockchain 2019 10th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT) 2019 Kanpur India 1\u20135 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/icccnt45670.2019.8944797.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCNT45670.2019.8944797"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HuhS. ChoS. andKimS. Managing IoT devices using blockchain platform 2017 19th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT) 2017 PyeongChang Korea (South) 464\u2013467 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23919\/ICACT.2017.7890132 2-s2.0-85018510486.","DOI":"10.23919\/ICACT.2017.7890132"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2913682"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2019.101048"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2019.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2907599"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.02.060"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2018.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tifs.2018.2856123"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MohantaB. K. SahooA. PatelS. PandaS. S. JenaD. andGountiaD. Decauth: decentralized authentication scheme for IoT device using Ethereum blockchain TENCON 2019 - 2019 IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON) 2019 Kochi India 558\u2013563 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tencon.2019.8929720.","DOI":"10.1109\/TENCON.2019.8929720"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2018.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csi.2019.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2018.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.06.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2925403"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2019.106888"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.07.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2018.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2019.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2906615"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jiot.2018.2878154"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2847632"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2018.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tsc.2018.2853167"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_142_2","unstructured":"PoonJ.andDryjaT. The Bitcoin lightning network BitcoinLightning.com https:\/\/www.bitcoinlightning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/lightning-network-paper.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_143_2","unstructured":"KlarmanU. BasuS. KuzmanovicA. andSirerE. G. bloXroute: a scalable trustless blockchain distribution network Proc. ACM SIGSAC Conf. Comput. Commun. Secur 2019 Toronto Canada."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ZamaniM. MovahediM. andRaykovaM. RapidChain: scaling blockchain via full sharding Proceedings of the 2018 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security 2018 Toronto Canada 931\u2013948.","DOI":"10.1145\/3243734.3243853"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kokoris-KogiasE. JovanovicP. GasserL. GaillyN. SytaE. andFordB. OmniLedger: a secure scale-out decentralized ledger via sharding 2018 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP) 2018 San Francisco CA USA 583\u2013598 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SP.2018.000-5 2-s2.0-85049798657.","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2018.000-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LuuL. NarayananV. ZhengC. BawejaK. GilbertS. andSaxenaP. A secure sharding protocol for open blockchains Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security 2016 Vienna Austria 17\u201330 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2976749.2978389 2-s2.0-84995422445.","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978389"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_147_2","unstructured":"Raiden network June 2020 https:\/\/raiden.network\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DaiX. XiaoJ. YangW. WangC. andJinH. Jidar: a jigsaw-like data reduction approach without trust assumptions for Bitcoin System 2019 IEEE 39th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS) 2019 Dallas TX USA 1317\u20131326 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICDCS.2019.00132.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2019.00132"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_149_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NaumenkoG. MaxwellG. WuilleP. FedorovaA. andBeschastnikhI. Erlay: efficient transaction relay for Bitcoin Proceedings of the 2019 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security 2019 London UK 817\u2013831 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3319535.3354237.","DOI":"10.1145\/3319535.3354237"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SongJ. C. DemirM. A. PrevostJ. J. andRadP. Blockchain design for trusted decentralized IoT networks 2018 13th Annual Conference on System of Systems Engineering (SoSE) 2018 Paris France 169\u2013174 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SYSOSE.2018.8428720 2-s2.0-85052324468.","DOI":"10.1109\/SYSOSE.2018.8428720"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2846040"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_152_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2836950"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSEC.2018.2888775"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_154_2","article-title":"Blockchain, fog and IoT integrated framework: review, architecture and evaluation","author":"Alam T.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Technology Reports of Kansai University"}],"container-title":["Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/wcmc\/2021\/6672482.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/wcmc\/2021\/6672482.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/2021\/6672482","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T09:39:22Z","timestamp":1723023562000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/2021\/6672482"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Fazio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":154,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/2021\/6672482"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/6672482","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-8669","1530-8677"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-8669","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8677","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-12-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-04-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-04-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"6672482"}}