{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T22:53:27Z","timestamp":1785192807737,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009392","name":"Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019\/01\/11460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/01\/11460"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Sensors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Achieving high data rate transmission is critically constrained by green communication metrics in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). A unified metric ensuring a successful compromise between the energy efficiency (EE) and the spectral efficiency (SE) is, then, an interesting design criterion in such systems. In this paper, we focus on EE\u2010SE tradeoff optimization in Wireless Underground Sensor Networks (WUSNs) where signals penetrate through a challenging lossy soil medium and nodes\u2019 power supply is critical. Underground sensor nodes gather and send sensory information to underground relay nodes which amplify\u2010and\u2010retransmit received signals to an aboveground sink node. We propose to optimize source and relay powers used for each packet transmission using an efficient recent metaheuristic optimization algorithm called Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA). Thus, the optimal source and relay transmission powers, which maximize the EE\u2010SE tradeoff under the maximum allowed transmission powers and the initial battery capacity constraints, are obtained. Further, we study the case where the underground medium properties are dynamic and change from a transmission to another. For this situation, we propose to allocate different maximum node powers according to the soil medium conditions. Simulation results prove that our proposed optimization achieves a significant EE\u2010SE tradeoff and prolongs the network\u2019s lifetime compared to the fixed allocation node power scheme. Additional gain is obtained in case of dynamic medium conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6683988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,16]],"date-time":"2021-01-16T02:50:09Z","timestamp":1610765409000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Energy\u2010Spectral Efficiency Optimization in Wireless Underground Sensor Networks Using Salp Swarm Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7892-456X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariem","family":"Ayedi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6519-0963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esraa","family":"Eldesouky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9242-6230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jabeen","family":"Nazeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2006.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.3572"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23940\/ijpe.19.11.p24.30423051"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2010.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DongX.andVuranM. 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