{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:58:47Z","timestamp":1792789127039,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]],"date-time":"2021-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620604800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Clinical Specialty Development Project of Chongqing","award":["2012143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012143"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Diabetes Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a major public health issue, and the aim of the present study was to identify the factors associated with GDM. Databases were searched for observational studies until August 20, 2020. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using fixed- or random-effects models. 103 studies involving 1,826,454 pregnant women were identified. Results indicated that<jats:inline-formula><a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><a:mtext>maternal<\/a:mtext><a:mtext>\u2009<\/a:mtext><a:mtext>age<\/a:mtext><a:mo>\u2265<\/a:mo><a:mn>25<\/a:mn><\/a:math><\/jats:inline-formula>years (OR: 2.466, 95% CI: (2.121, 2.866)), prepregnancy overweight or obese (OR: 2.637, 95% CI: (1.561, 4.453)), family history of diabetes (FHD) (OR: 2.326, 95% CI: (1.904, 2.843)), history of GDM (OR: 21.137, 95% CI: (8.785, 50.858)), macrosomia (OR: 2.539, 95% CI: (1.612, 4.000)), stillbirth (OR: 2.341, 95% CI: (1.435, 3.819)), premature delivery (OR: 3.013, 95% CI: (1.569, 5.787)), and pregestational smoking (OR: 2.322, 95% CI: (1.359, 3.967)) increased the risk of GDM with all<jats:inline-formula><c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><c:mi>P<\/c:mi><c:mo>&lt;<\/c:mo><c:mn>0.05<\/c:mn><\/c:math><\/jats:inline-formula>, whereas history of congenital anomaly and abortion, and HIV status showed no correlation with GDM (<jats:inline-formula><e:math xmlns:e=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><e:mi>P<\/e:mi><e:mo>&gt;<\/e:mo><e:mn>0.05<\/e:mn><\/e:math><\/jats:inline-formula>). Being primigravida (OR: 0.752, 95% CI: (0.698, 0.810),<jats:inline-formula><g:math xmlns:g=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><g:mi>P<\/g:mi><g:mo>&lt;<\/g:mo><g:mn>0.001<\/g:mn><\/g:math><\/jats:inline-formula>) reduced the risk of GDM. The factors influencing GDM included<jats:inline-formula><i:math xmlns:i=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\"><i:mtext>maternal<\/i:mtext><i:mtext>\u2009<\/i:mtext><i:mtext>age<\/i:mtext><i:mo>\u2265<\/i:mo><i:mn>25<\/i:mn><\/i:math><\/jats:inline-formula>, prepregnancy overweight or obese, FHD, history of GDM, macrosomia, stillbirth, premature delivery, pregestational smoking, and primigravida.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6692695","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]],"date-time":"2021-05-10T22:51:36Z","timestamp":1620687096000},"page":"1-18","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Factors Associated with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, People\u2019s Hospital of Chongqing Banan District, Chongqing 401320, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Ming","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Liaocheng People\u2019s Hospital and LiaochengClinical School of Shandong First Medical University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Liaocheng People\u2019s Hospital and LiaochengClinical School of Shandong First Medical University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, People\u2019s Hospital of Chongqing Banan District, Chongqing 401320, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Qin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, People\u2019s Hospital of Chongqing Banan District, Chongqing 401320, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue-Feng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, People\u2019s Hospital of Chongqing Banan District, Chongqing 401320, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ru-Yue","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College; Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 401331, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7988-865X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yi-Meng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Liaocheng People\u2019s Hospital and LiaochengClinical School of Shandong First Medical University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2012.96"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2013.203331"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.02.023"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v6.i8.1065"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.02.002"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2019.303990"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3076463"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.03.074"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7058082"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1361"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1990"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30077-4"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-1596"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12521"},{"issue":"5","key":"15","first-page":"393","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus\u2014an analysis of risk factors","volume":"59","author":"K. 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