{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T23:13:44Z","timestamp":1790896424738,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]],"date-time":"2021-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":57,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011512","name":"National Science Foundation, United Arab Emirates","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011512","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012635","name":"University of Fort Hare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012635","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Scientists have continuously searched for novel bioactive compounds to overcome the inherent problems associated with drug resistance, the evolution of unknown diseases, and the toxicity of currently used compounds. The ocean has been considered a rich source of compounds that possess unique chemical structures and novel biological capabilities. Biologically active molecules isolated from marine flora and fauna have shown significant advancement over the past century in the pharmaceutical industry. Marine natural products (MNPs) have been used as nanomedicine, cosmetics, wound healing, antimicrobial agents, anticancer agents, and anti\u2010inflammatory agents. The physicochemical parameters of the collection site were also recorded. This study\u2019s marine sponge species were collected from Phillip\u2019s Reef, South Africa, at 12\u2009m during the spring season. Ethyl acetate (EA) and dichloromethane\u2009:\u2009methanol (DCM\u2009:\u2009ME, 1\u2009:\u20091) were used as extraction solvents. Crude extracts of the marine sponges were tested against MRSA, <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>. Phytochemical screening was conducted to identify seven critical phytochemical groups. A pH reading of 8.01 and a temperature of 15.45\u00b0C were recorded at the sampling site. <jats:italic>Clathria<\/jats:italic> sp. 1 and <jats:italic>Tedania<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Tedania<\/jats:italic>) <jats:italic>stylonychaeta<\/jats:italic> EA crude extracts showed bioactivity against all five test pathogens. The DCM\u2009:\u2009ME crude extract of <jats:italic>Clathria<\/jats:italic> sp. 1 was the only bioactive crude extract from DCM\u2009:\u2009ME extracts. This crude extract was only bioactive against <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> as no activity was observed against the other four pathogens. EA crude extracts of <jats:italic>Clathria<\/jats:italic> sp. 1 yielded more significant inhibition zones against both fungal pathogens. These EA crude extracts performed better than fluconazole as inhibition zones of 35 \u00b1 0\u2009mm at 24\u2009mg\/ml, 31 \u00b1 0\u2009mm at 19\u2009mg\/ml, 31 \u00b1 0\u2009mm at 14.4\u2009mg\/ml, 30 \u00b1 0\u2009mm at 9.6\u2009mg\/ml, and 25 \u00b1 0\u2009mm at 7.2\u2009mg\/ml were recorded. <jats:italic>Clathria<\/jats:italic> sp. 1 crude extracts exhibited higher inhibition zones compared to <jats:italic>Tedania<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Tedania<\/jats:italic>) <jats:italic>stylonychaeta<\/jats:italic>. The antibiotic imipenem (26 \u00b1 0.7\u2009mm at 10\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g) and ciprofloxacin (30 \u00b1 0.3\u2009mm at 5\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g) exhibited higher zones of inhibition than EA crude extracts of <jats:italic>Tedania<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Tedania<\/jats:italic>) <jats:italic>stylonychaeta<\/jats:italic> at all test concentrations. In this study, <jats:italic>Clathria<\/jats:italic> sp. 1 was observed to have broad\u2010spectrum bioactivity as EA crude extracts were bioactive against MRSA, <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>. In addition to this, the EA crude extract of <jats:italic>Clathria<\/jats:italic> sp. 1 was bacteriostatic (9.6\u2009mg\/ml). <jats:italic>Clathria<\/jats:italic> sp. 1 DCM\u2009:\u2009ME crude extract only tested positive for the presence of terpenoids. In contrast, EA crude extracts did not test positive for the existence of any of the seven phytochemicals. Our study has revealed that <jats:italic>Tedania<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Tedania<\/jats:italic>) <jats:italic>stylonychaeta<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Clathria<\/jats:italic> sp. 1 sponge species collected from Phillip\u2019s Reef in South Africa can produce bioactive compounds useful against bacterial and fungal species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6697944","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]],"date-time":"2021-02-28T01:00:46Z","timestamp":1614474046000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Antimicrobial Potential and Phytochemical Screening of <i>Clathria<\/i> sp. 1 and <i>Tedania<\/i> (<i>Tedania<\/i>) <i>stylonychaeta<\/i> Sponge Crude Extracts Obtained from the South East Coast of South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8348-9021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wasswa Cuthbert","family":"Kibungu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna-Maria","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0338-5121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justine","family":"Fri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5153-107X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry Akum","family":"Njom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10989-018-9789-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5530\/pj.2020.12.76"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-7406.171700"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-7154-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2016.067"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17159\/sajs.2019\/5534"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/d9040040"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557517666170927113143"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2017.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197617"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md18120619"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954102092000270"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/ame024009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176883"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.056614-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.5.1455-1461.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:hydr.0000018183.92410.21"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_2","article-title":"Extraction and characterization of bioactive compounds from the cultured and natural sponge, Haliclonamolitba, and Stylotella aurantium origin of Indonesia","volume":"4","author":"Hutagalung R. 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