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GL and GA function as potent antioxidants, anti\u2010inflammatory, antiviral, antitumor agents, and immuneregulators. GL and GA have potent activities against hepatitis A, B, and C viruses, human immunodeficiency virus type 1, vesicular stomatitis virus, herpes simplex virus, influenza A, severe acute respiratory syndrome\u2010related coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, vaccinia virus, and arboviruses. Also, GA was observed to be of therapeutic valve in human enterovirus 71, which was recognized as the utmost regular virus responsible for hand, foot, and mouth disease. The anti\u2010inflammatory mechanism of GL and GA is realized via cytokines like interferon\u2010\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n                    , tumor necrotizing factor\u2010\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , interleukin\u2010 (IL\u2010) 1\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , IL\u20104, IL\u20105, IL\u20106, IL\u20108, IL\u201010, IL\u201012, and IL\u201017. They also modulate anti\u2010inflammatory mechanisms like intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1 and P\u2010selectin, enzymes like inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and transcription factors such as nuclear factor\u2010kappa B, signal transducer and activator of transcription\u2010 (STAT\u2010) 3, and STAT\u20106. Furthermore, DCs treated with GL were capable of influencing T\u2010cell differentiation toward Th1 subset. Moreover, GA is capable of blocking prostaglandin\u2010E2 synthesis via blockade of cyclooxygenase\u2010 (COX\u2010) 2 resulting in concurrent augmentation nitric oxide production through the enhancement of iNOS2 mRNA secretion in Leishmania\u2010infected macrophages. GA is capable of inhibiting toll\u2010like receptors as well as high\u2010mobility group box 1.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6699560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T20:19:32Z","timestamp":1610050772000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":171,"title":["Exploring the Pivotal Immunomodulatory and Anti\u2010Inflammatory Potentials of Glycyrrhizic and Glycyrrhetinic Acids"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3475-0363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seidu A.","family":"Richard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_19_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1982.tb00207.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_19_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/cipms-2016-0024"},{"key":"e_1_2_19_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24132453"},{"key":"e_1_2_19_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2012.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_19_5_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory and anti-viral effects of an ethnic medicine: glycyrrhizin","volume":"9","author":"Shamsa F.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Medicinal Plants"},{"key":"e_1_2_19_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2016.4981"},{"key":"e_1_2_19_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(94)90033-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_19_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.2001.01224.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_19_9_2","article-title":"Glycyrrhizin as a promoter of the late signal transduction for interleukin-2 production by splenic lymphocytes","volume":"79","author":"Zhang Y.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_19_10_2","first-page":"401","article-title":"Dendritic cells as a pharmacological target of traditional Chinese medicine","volume":"3","author":"Chen X.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cellular & Molecular Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_19_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0014-2999(99)00807-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_19_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/dmr-100104400"},{"key":"e_1_2_19_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0308-8146(90)90159-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_19_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1934578x1300800335"},{"key":"e_1_2_19_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1998.00309.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_19_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-9-112"},{"key":"e_1_2_19_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11094-010-0348-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_19_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2295"},{"key":"e_1_2_19_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.21.1282"},{"key":"e_1_2_19_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2015.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_19_21_2","first-page":"37","article-title":"Antibacterial effect of glycyrrhetinic acid on 55 hospital strains of staphylococcus aureus and 32 actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans","volume":"9","author":"Salari M. 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