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The main reason could originate from either the male or the female, and sometimes, both contribute to the fertility disorder. For the male, sperm disorder was found to be the most common reason for infertility. In this paper, we proposed male infertility analysis based on automated sperm motility tracking. The proposed method worked in multistages, where the first stage focused on the sperm detection process using an improved Gaussian Mixture Model. A new optimization protocol was proposed to accurately detect the motile sperms prior to the sperm tracking process. Since the optimization protocol was imposed in the proposed system, the sperm tracking and velocity estimation processes are improved. The proposed method attained the highest average accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 92.3%, 96.3%, and 72.4%, respectively, when tested on 10 different samples. Our proposed method depicted better sperm detection quality when qualitatively observed as compared to other state-of-the-art techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6953593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]],"date-time":"2021-08-30T17:35:09Z","timestamp":1630344909000},"page":"1-14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Multistage Optimization Using a Modified Gaussian Mixture Model in Sperm Motility Tracking"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Alameri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0471-3820","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Khairunnisa","family":"Hasikin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9694-4337","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nahrizul Adib","family":"Kadri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7853-6951","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nashrul Fazli Mohd","family":"Nasir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Electronic Engineering Program, Faculty of Electronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Pauh Putra Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia"},{"name":"Sport Engineering Research Centre (SERC), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Pauh Putra Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8296-6428","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Prabu","family":"Mohandas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7785-6363","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jerline Sheeba","family":"Anni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, MEA Engineering College, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4356-598X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Muhammad Mokhzaini","family":"Azizan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmg.2021.104142"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103173"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2018.03.012"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogrm.2021.05.003"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13706"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22452\/mjcs.vol29no4.3"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2020.02.017"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.10.038"},{"key":"9","article-title":"WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen","author":"W. 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