{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T03:27:47Z","timestamp":1778297267418,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]],"date-time":"2021-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":336,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["71503166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71503166"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>To maintain situation awareness (SA) when exposed to emergencies during pilotage, a pilot needs to selectively allocate attentional resources to perceive critical status information about ships and environments. Although it is important to continuously monitor a pilot\u2019s SA, its relationship with attention is still not fully understood in ship pilotage. This study performs bridge simulation experiments that include vessel departure, navigation in the fairway, encounters, poor visibility, and anchoring scenes with 13 pilots (mean\u2009=\u200911.3 and standard deviation\u2009=\u20091.4 of experience). Individuals were divided into two SA group levels based on the Situation Awareness Rating Technology (SART\u20102) score (mean\u2009=\u200920.13 and standard deviation\u2009=\u20095.83) after the experiments. The visual patterns using different SA groups were examined using heat maps and scan paths based on pilots\u2019 fixations and saccade data. The preliminary visual analyses of the heat maps and scan paths indicate that the pilots\u2019 attentional distribution is modulated by the SA level. That is, the most concerning areas of interest (AOIs) for pilots in the high and low SA groups are outside the window (AOI\u20102) and electronic charts (AOI\u20101), respectively. Subsequently, permutation simulations were utilized to identify statistical differences between the pilots\u2019 eye\u2010tracking metrics and SA. The results of the statistical analyses show that the fixation and saccade metrics are affected by the SA level in different AOIs across the five scenes, which confirms the findings of previous studies. In encounter scenes, the pilots\u2019 SA level is correlated with the fixation and saccade metrics: fixation count (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.034\u2009&lt;\u20090.05 in AOI\u20101 and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.032\u2009&lt;\u20090.05 in AOI\u20102), fixation duration (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.043\u2009&lt;\u20090.05 in AOI\u20101 and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.014\u2009&lt;\u20090.05 in AOI\u20102), and saccade count (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.086\u2009&lt;\u20090.1 in AOI\u20101 and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.054\u2009&lt;\u20090.1 in AOI\u20102). This was determined by the fixation count (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.024\u2009&lt;\u20090.05 in AOI\u20101 and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.034\u2009&lt;\u20090.05 in AOI\u20102), fixation duration (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.036\u2009&lt;\u20090.05 in AOI\u20101 and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.047\u2009&lt;\u20090.05 in AOI\u20102), and saccade duration (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.05\u2009\u2264\u20090.05 in AOI\u20101 and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.042\u2009&lt;\u20090.05 in AOI\u20102) in poor\u2010visibility scenes. In the remaining scenes, the SA could not be measured using eye movements alone. This study lays a foundation for the cognitive mechanism recognition of pilots based on SA via eye\u2010tracking technology, which provides a reference to establish cognitive competency standards in preliminary pilot screenings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/7122437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]],"date-time":"2021-12-03T23:50:09Z","timestamp":1638575409000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Correlation Evaluation of Pilots\u2019 Situation Awareness in Bridge Simulations via Eye\u2010Tracking Technology"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2910-5204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaoqi","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0050-5298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weijiong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4975-5485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yutao","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Reducing of maritime accidents caused by human factors using simulators in training process","volume":"5","author":"Hanzupazara R.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal for Maritime Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2006.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2015.04.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10111-015-0323-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jsyst.2018.2821689"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","article-title":"Physiological measurements of situation awareness: a systematic review","author":"Zhang T.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EndsleyM. 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