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Differences in the gut microbiota composition between children with FA and healthy children have brought this topic into the spotlight as a possible explanation for the increase in FA. The gut microbiota characteristics are acquired through environmental interactions starting early in life, such as type of delivery during birth and breastfeeding. The microbiota features may be shaped by a plethora of immunomodulatory mechanisms, including a predominant role of Tregs and the transcription factor FOXP3. Additionally, a pivotal role has been given to vitamin A and butyrate, the main anti-inflammatory metabolite. These observations have led to the study and development of therapies oriented to modifying the microbiota and metabolite profiles, such as the use of pre- and probiotics and the determination of their capacity to induce tolerance to allergens that are relevant to FA. To date, evidence supporting these approaches in humans is scarce and inconclusive. Larger cohorts and dose-titration studies are mandatory to evaluate whether the observed changes in gut microbiota composition reflect medical recovery and increased tolerance in pediatric patients with FA. In this article, we discuss the establishment of the microbiota, the immunological mechanisms that regulate the microbiota of children with food allergies, and the evidence in research focused on its regulation as a means to achieve tolerance to food allergens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/7823316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]],"date-time":"2021-12-28T15:35:45Z","timestamp":1640705745000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Contribution of Gut Microbiota to Immune Tolerance in Infants"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1509-4471","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Constanza S.","family":"M\u00e9ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Nutrici\u00f3n y Diet\u00e9tica, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Chile"},{"name":"Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica Molecular y Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7551-8088","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Susan M.","family":"Bueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica Molecular y Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7622-5263","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexis M.","family":"Kalergis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica Molecular y Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago, Chile"},{"name":"Departamento de Endocrinolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.10.008"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2020.03.005"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2020.07.039"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aller.2013.09.006"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2020.04.020"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.11.003"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.02.005"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.13946"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.13479"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children7060050"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30428-3"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12960"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2018.06.014"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2020.10.006"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2019.05.016"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-020-03616-5"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.12.020"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3371"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.06.045"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsim.2004.06.012"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000778"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12413"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.12.6583-6588.2002"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.54"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1196509"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20171163"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-07-2599"},{"issue":"11","key":"28","first-page":"1221","article-title":"Effect of maternal immune level at different pregnancy stages on cow\u2019s milk protein allergy in infants","volume":"22","author":"H. 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