{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T11:23:25Z","timestamp":1790594605923,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":236,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial and one of the most common problems treated in an ophthalmic outpatient clinic. Due to the variability in presentation, diagnosis of DED consists of a combination of subjective and objective clinical tests. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a handheld smartphone\u2010based infrared thermal (IRT) camera for screening symptomatic evaporative DED.\n                    <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This observational sex\u2010matched control study assessed IRT images of 184 right eyes (46 normal and 138 DED) of 184 participants. Evaporative DED was assessed using noninvasive tear breakup time, fluorescein staining, and the Chinese version of the ocular surface disease index (C\u2010OSDI) questionnaire and categorized into their respective dry eye symptomology group (none, mild, moderate, or severe). The ocular surface temperature (OST) at 8 anatomical regions of interest (ROI) (nasal conjunctiva, nasal limbus, nasal cornea, central cornea, inferior cornea, temporal limbus, temporal cornea, and temporal conjunctiva) were measured and compared using a handheld smartphone\u2010based IRT camera. The effectiveness of these 8 ROIs OST in detecting varying severity of DED was evaluated in terms of correlations with severity of DED and their area under the curve (AUC).\n                    <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>\n                    . OST at the 8 anatomical ROI was significantly higher in DED participants than in the non\u2010DED group (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05) except for inferior cornea, temporal limbus, and temporal conjunctival regions (&gt;0.05). Analyzing 8 anatomical ROIs revealed that the nasal limbus had the highest Pearson correlation with the severity of DED (0.64,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.001). Additionally, the nasal limbus ROI achieved the highest AUC of 0.79 (CI: 0.73\u20130.85;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05), sensitivity, and specificity (0.96 and 0.91) when comparing its ability to discriminated DED vs. non\u2010DED eyes.\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Rather than a diagnostic tool, handheld smartphone\u2010based IRT images can be considered as a rapid, noninvasive, and hygienic screening tool in discriminating DED and non\u2010DED and potentially alleviating inconvenience experienced during conventional tests.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8396503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T13:50:09Z","timestamp":1629899409000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Screening Evaporative Dry Eyes Severity Using an Infrared 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