{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:13:17Z","timestamp":1753888397481,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]],"date-time":"2021-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":63,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41630749","41801153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41630749","41801153"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Complexity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Urban networks have been widely examined using infrastructure connection and firm connection data. In particular, urban networks constructed based on firm connection data have been used to depict the circulation of capital, information, personnel, and products between cities. Existing studies on firm connection networks rely on either inter\u2010 or intrafirm relationships. However, there exist various important extra\u2010firm relationships, such as those between firms and governments, research institutions, and nonprofit organizations. This study innovatively incorporates the extra\u2010firm relationships between governments and firms into urban network construction to provide new insights into the field of urban network research. Using Northeast China as a case study, we construct government procurement activity (GPA) connection networks for both central projects and local projects at the regional and national scales. Social network analysis and regression analysis are used to analyze the network characteristics and factors associated with the network structure. The results show that three provincial capitals (Harbin, Changchun, and Shenyang) hold dominant positions across all the networks. While these capitals serve as GPA suppliers in the region, they are mainly GPA consumers nationally. The factors of spatial proximity, economic development, population, and provincial boundaries were found to be significantly associated with GPA connections. Our study provides important insights into the role of cities in firm\u2010government supply\u2010demand networks. This research can be used to help formulate effective strategies to improve a city\u2019s competitiveness and cities\u2019 cooperation in the GPA supply\u2010demand network.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8819441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]],"date-time":"2021-03-05T19:20:16Z","timestamp":1614972016000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["An Urban Network Study of Government Procurement Activities: A Case Study of Northeast China"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9532-5657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisha","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7005-5128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daoqin","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3959-4059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuepeng","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7290-412X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shijun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Rise of the Network Society","year":"1996","author":"Castells M.","key":"e_1_2_9_1_2"},{"volume-title":"The Informational City: Information Technology, Economic Restructuring and the Urban-Regional Progress","year":"1989","author":"Castells M.","key":"e_1_2_9_2_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polgeo.2005.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cplx.21595"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00027640121958104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00420980500379503"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-019-1701-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3928260"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su10082943"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_2","first-page":"745","article-title":"Highway passenger transport contact and its spatial distribution in the central cities of China","volume":"35","author":"Wang H.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geographical Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_2","first-page":"510","article-title":"Network structure of \u201cspace of flows\u201d in Jilin Province based on telecommunication flows","volume":"69","author":"Dong C.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Geographica Sinica"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4140796"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-020-1740-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5786384"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_2","first-page":"1031","article-title":"China\u2019s city network characteristics based on social network space: an empirical analysis of Sina micro-blog","volume":"67","author":"Zhen F.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Geographica Sinica"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_2","first-page":"207","article-title":"Research progress and prospects of city networks based on knowledge flow in China","volume":"36","author":"Ma H.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Economic Geography"},{"volume-title":"Cities in Globalization: Practices, Policies, Theories","year":"2007","author":"Taylor P. 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