{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T10:19:59Z","timestamp":1772878799467,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,31]],"date-time":"2021-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":30,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Sensors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The hidden nature of subgrades makes the effective monitoring of their deformation very difficult. This paper addresses this issue by proposing the use of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing technology. Here, an FBG is encapsulated within a monitoring tube formed from a polyvinyl chloride tube, and one end of the monitoring tube is fixed perpendicular to a concrete column, forming a cantilever beam monitoring system. The deformation is assessed according to the theoretical relationship between the horizontal strain on the FBG embedded in the monitoring tube and the vertical displacement of the cantilever beam. Then, the relationship between the variation in the wavelength of light reflected by the encapsulated FBG and the temperature and horizontal strain is obtained on this basis by calibration experiments. The monitoring tubes are buried at a proscribed depth below the top surface of the subgrade, which facilitates the monitoring of the deformation and temperature of the subgrade at different stages of construction through the collection of FBG wavelength data during different periods, such as after embedding the monitoring tubes, the completion of the test road surface, and during the period of operation. The proposed technology is verified by employing the system to monitor the instantaneous maximum deformation and permanent deformation of a subgrade under dynamic loads. The monitoring results demonstrate that the instantaneous maximum deformation values of the subgrade at 0.25\u2009m and 0.5\u2009m below the surface are 695.40\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>m and 574.02\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>m, respectively, and the corresponding permanent deformation values are 53.00\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>m and 41.54\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>m, respectively. The FBG sensor system is thereby verified to provide a reliable method for conducting long\u2010term continuous, accurate, and efficient subgrade deformation and temperature monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8824058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,31]],"date-time":"2021-01-31T19:50:08Z","timestamp":1612122608000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Permanent Deformation and Temperature Monitoring of Subgrades Using Fiber Bragg Grating Sensing Technology"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0298-6892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youkun","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0860-5923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenwu","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5284913"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.a12isgt9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19143073"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11803-018-0429-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","volume-title":"Study on Method and System for Automatically Measuring and Monitoring Multi-Parameters of Subgrade Settlement","author":"Yang J.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","first-page":"73","article-title":"Monitoring analysis of subgrade settlement of expressway high-fill subgrade","volume":"4","author":"Shi Y.-h.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Western China Communications Science & Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11803-018-0474-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40864-019-00110-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.89881"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.14.000823"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40799-017-0187-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13320-018-0504-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_2","volume-title":"Investigation on Applications of Fiber Bragg Grating in Sensing Technology","author":"Su F.-g.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_2","first-page":"306","article-title":"Applications of fiber Bragg grating sensing technology in engineering","volume":"6","author":"Xu G.-q.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chinese Optics"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19010200"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1354029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s150921696"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmst.2018.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124431"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_2","volume-title":"Study on Fiber Bragg Grating Sensing Theory and Key Technology for Bridges and Tunnels Engineering Safety Monitoring","author":"Wang Z.-f.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4271751"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12204-018-1910-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10706-018-0451-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.A1100336"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/253274"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11082-016-0528-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-019-4564-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_2","first-page":"435","article-title":"A novel surface-mounted FBG strain sensor and its application in highway bridge engineering","volume":"25","author":"Guo Y.-x.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Optoelectronics Laser"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-1567.2012.00858.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2016.2593260"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/str.12230"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NawrotU. GeernaertT. De PauwB. AnastasopoulosD. ReyndersE. RoeckG. D. andBerghmansF. Mechanical strain-amplifying transducer for fiber Bragg grating sensors with applications in structural health monitoring 25th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors April 2017 Jeju Korea.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2264614"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12989\/sss.2017.20.3.343"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13320-018-0505-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41062-018-0133-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19122666"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_2","first-page":"1887","article-title":"Application of fiber Bragg grating in monitoring subgrade deformation under dynamic load","volume":"10","author":"Cheng Y.-k.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_2","first-page":"601","article-title":"Application of fiber Bragg grating sensors to strain detection of seasonally frozen subgrade","volume":"37","author":"Meng S.-j.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rock Soil Mechanics"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_2","volume-title":"Theory and Practice of FBG Monitoring in Geotechnical Engineering","author":"Zhang H.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_2","volume-title":"Principle and Application of FBG Sensor","author":"Wu Z.-x.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19071591"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_2","first-page":"1912","article-title":"Research progress on fiber Bragg grating sensors in road testing and engineering","volume":"36","author":"He R.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_2","volume-title":"Fiber Grating Sensing Technology and Application","author":"Chen Y.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_2","volume-title":"Investigation on the Novel Fiber Bragg Grating Sensing Technology","author":"Pang D.-d.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_2","first-page":"7","article-title":"Study on dynamic response of highway subgrade under traffic loads","volume":"2","author":"Wang J.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Subgrade Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/stc.2472"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_2","first-page":"115","article-title":"Study on the method of determine roadbed work area based on the dynamic stress","volume":"39","author":"Yang C.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Highway Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_2","first-page":"316","article-title":"Research on influence depth of road subgrade induced by vehicle loads","volume":"34","author":"Lu Z.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rock Soil Mechanics"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_2","first-page":"40","article-title":"Application of Bluetooth low energy for roadbed temperature test in seasonal frozen area","volume":"21","author":"Wang Y.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Harbin University of Science and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_2","first-page":"120","article-title":"Permanent deformation of subgrade induced by long-term truck traffic loading","volume":"49","author":"Zhang F.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/js\/2021\/8824058.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/js\/2021\/8824058.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/2021\/8824058","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T00:23:12Z","timestamp":1722903792000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/2021\/8824058"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Chengkuo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/2021\/8824058"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/8824058","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-725X","1687-7268"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-725X","type":"print"},{"value":"1687-7268","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-03-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-01-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-01-31","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"8824058"}}