{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T14:25:29Z","timestamp":1759847129012,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":55,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002850","name":"Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["112-2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["112-2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18H01399"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18H01399"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In the aging society, the number of people suffering from vascular disorders is rapidly increasing and has become a social problem. The death rate due to stroke, which is the second leading cause of global mortality, has increased by 40% in the last two decades. Stroke can also cause paralysis. Of late, brain\u2010computer interfaces (BCIs) have been garnering attention in the rehabilitation field as assistive technology. A BCI for the motor rehabilitation of patients with paralysis promotes neural plasticity, when subjects perform motor imagery (MI). Feedback, such as visual and proprioceptive, influences brain rhythm modulation to contribute to MI learning and motor function restoration. Also, virtual reality (VR) can provide powerful graphical options to enhance feedback visualization. This work aimed to improve immersive VR\u2010BCI based on hand MI, using visual\u2010electrotactile stimulation feedback instead of visual feedback. The MI tasks include grasping, flexion\/extension, and their random combination. Moreover, the subjects answered a system perception questionnaire after the experiments. The proposed system was evaluated with twenty able\u2010bodied subjects. Visual\u2010electrotactile feedback improved the mean classification accuracy for the grasping (93.00%\u2009\u00b1\u20093.50%) and flexion\/extension (95.00%\u2009\u00b1\u20095.27%) MI tasks. Additionally, the subjects achieved an acceptable mean classification accuracy (maximum of 86.5%\u2009\u00b1\u20095.80%) for the random MI task, which required more concentration. The proprioceptive feedback maintained lower mean power spectral density in all channels and higher attention levels than those of visual feedback during the test trials for the grasping and flexion\/extension MI tasks. Also, this feedback generated greater relative power in the <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\u2010band for the premotor cortex, which indicated better MI preparation. Thus, electrotactile stimulation along with visual feedback enhanced the immersive VR\u2010BCI classification accuracy by 5.5% and 4.5% for the grasping and flexion\/extension MI tasks, respectively, retained the subject\u2019s attention, and eased MI better than visual feedback alone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8832686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T23:35:06Z","timestamp":1614296106000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Visual\u2010Electrotactile Stimulation Feedback to Improve Immersive Brain\u2010Computer Interface Based on Hand Motor Imagery"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7309-7988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Achanccaray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9035-2808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shin-Ichi","family":"Izumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6179-5706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitsuhiro","family":"Hayashibe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_1_2","DOI":"10.1016\/s1388-2457(02)00057-3"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000558"},{"volume-title":"Global Health Estimates 2016: Deaths by Cause, Age, Sex, by Country and by Region, 2000\u20132016","year":"2018","author":"WHO","key":"e_1_2_9_3_2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2011.01.002"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2014.11.002"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","DOI":"10.1109\/5.939829"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00692"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_8_2","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-199907000-00010"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_9_2","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/823285"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angulo-ShermanI. N.andGuti\u00e9rrezD. Effect of different feedback modalities in the performance of brain-computer interfaces Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Electronics Communications and Computers (CONIELECOMP) February 2014 Cholula Mexico 14\u201321.","key":"e_1_2_9_10_2","DOI":"10.1109\/CONIELECOMP.2014.6808561"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_11_2","DOI":"10.1109\/tmrb.2019.2949854"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_12_2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.03.054"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_13_2","DOI":"10.1109\/tbme.2019.2921198"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_14_2","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.78695"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_15_2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2008.10.099"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_16_2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2018.05.028"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_17_2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2017.10.002"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_18_2","DOI":"10.1080\/17470211003624002"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_19_2","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.26.215"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_20_2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2013.03.006"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_21_2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2018.04.016"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_22_2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2014.09.008"},{"volume-title":"Electrotactile Feedback for Sensory Restoration: Modelling and Application","year":"2018","author":"Li K.","key":"e_1_2_9_23_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_2","first-page":"345","article-title":"Coding and use of tactile signals from the fingertips in object manipulation tasks,\u201d Nature reviews","volume":"10","author":"Johansson R.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_25_2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2011.00408.x"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_26_2","DOI":"10.4081\/ejtm.2016.6069"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_27_2","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/9\/4\/045007"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_28_2","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab377d"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_29_2","DOI":"10.1109\/tase.2018.2882465"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_30_2","DOI":"10.1007\/s40846-017-0343-0"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_31_2","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2018.2886271"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_32_2","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2012.14"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_33_2","DOI":"10.1016\/s1388-2457(99)00141-8"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WangZ. ChenL. andYiW. Enhancement of cortical activation for motor imagery during bci-fes training\u2217 Proceedings of the 2018 40th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) July 2018 Honolulu Hawaii 2527\u20132530.","key":"e_1_2_9_34_2","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2018.8512749"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ChoiI. BondK. andNamC. S. A hybrid bci-controlled fes system for hand-wrist motor function Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics (SMC) October 2016 Budapest Hungary 2324\u20132328.","key":"e_1_2_9_35_2","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC.2016.7844585"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_36_2","DOI":"10.1201\/9781351231954"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_37_2","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00329"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_38_2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-016-0173-2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_39_2","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02520010"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_40_2","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119144977"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_41_2","DOI":"10.1016\/s1388-2457(98)00038-8"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_42_2","DOI":"10.1109\/msp.2008.4408441"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_43_2","DOI":"10.1109\/tmrb.2020.3025364"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_44_2","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-45528-0"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JuniorP. B. NunesW. R. B. M. andLazzarettiA. E. Classifier for motor imagery during parametric functional electrical stimulation frequencies on the quadriceps muscle\u2217 Proceedings of the 2019 9th International IEEE\/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER) March 2019 San Francisco CA USA 526\u2013529.","key":"e_1_2_9_45_2","DOI":"10.1109\/NER.2019.8717105"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_46_2","DOI":"10.1145\/1961189.1961199"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_47_2","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/12\/3\/036007"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_48_2","DOI":"10.1109\/tnsre.2020.3001990"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_49_2","DOI":"10.1109\/tnsre.2020.2974056"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_50_2","DOI":"10.1016\/s0301-0511(03)00073-5"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_51_2","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121896"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_52_2","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174161"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_53_2","DOI":"10.1177\/2055668318789280"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AldeaR.andEvaO. Detecting sensorimotor rhythms from the eeg signals using the independent component analysis and the coefficient of determination Proceedings of the International Symposium on Signals Circuits and Systems ISSCS2013 July 2013 Iasi Romania 1\u20134.","key":"e_1_2_9_54_2","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCS.2013.6651213"},{"volume-title":"Probability and Statistics for Engineering and the Sciences","year":"2015","author":"Devore J.","key":"e_1_2_9_55_2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_56_2","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00595.2003"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_57_2","DOI":"10.1162\/pres_a_00192"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_58_2","DOI":"10.1016\/s0959-4388(99)00038-0"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_59_2","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0913697107"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_60_2","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(89)90250-2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_61_2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.10.007"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_62_2","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7792606"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_63_2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2009.02.024"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_64_2","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-016-1454-4"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_65_2","DOI":"10.2147\/cia.s189047"},{"unstructured":"FreyJ. M\u00fchlC. LotteF. andHachetM. Review of the use of electroencephalography as an evaluation method for human-computer interaction Proceedings of the PhyCS-International Conference on Physiological Computing Systems January 2014 Lisbonne Portugal Scitepress.","key":"e_1_2_9_66_2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_67_2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.02.015"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_68_2","DOI":"10.1109\/tnsre.2003.814445"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_69_2","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079419"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_70_2","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33514"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_71_2","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/13\/3\/036024"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PachecoK. Acu\u00f1aK. CarranzaE. AchanccarayD. andAndreu-PerezJ. Performance predictors of motor 2017 imagery brain-computer interface based on spatial abilities for upper limb rehabilitation Proceedings of the 2017 39th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) July 2017 Jeju Island Korea 1014\u20131017.","key":"e_1_2_9_72_2","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2017.8036998"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LeeuwisN.andAlimardaniM. High aptitude motor-imagery bci users have better visuospatial memory Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics (SMC) October 2020 Toronto Canada 1518\u20131523.","key":"e_1_2_9_73_2","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC42975.2020.9283259"}],"container-title":["Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cin\/2021\/8832686.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cin\/2021\/8832686.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/2021\/8832686","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T11:05:04Z","timestamp":1722942304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/2021\/8832686"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Abdelkader Nasreddine","family":"Belkacem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/2021\/8832686"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/8832686","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-5265","1687-5273"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1687-5265"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1687-5273"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-08-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-02-15","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-02-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"8832686"}}