{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T01:39:57Z","timestamp":1772242797573,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]],"date-time":"2021-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":266,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42101200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42101264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101264"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51878084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51878084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Complexity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Increasing the income of poor rural households is essential for the realization of China\u2019s goal of sustainable development, which entails inclusive and equitable development and reducing the developmental gap between urban and rural areas. We conducted a case study of Wangqing County, a frontier minority area in Northeast China to examine spatial patterns and income differentials among poor rural households in this area. We quantified existing associations between household\u2010level and environmental\u2010level characteristics and income by applying hierarchical linear models. We subsequently applied Geographically Weighted Regression to analyze the spatial heterogeneity of the environmental\u2010level variables and develop an understanding of the interaction mechanism of influencing factors. The results revealed that the distribution of villages, where income levels were similar, showed significant spatial agglomeration characteristics. Our findings also provide empirical evidence that household\u2010 and village\u2010level characteristics together determine the income of poor households, but that household\u2010level characteristics determine destitution to a greater extent than environmental characteristics. More specifically, the sex, health condition, and labor capacity of the household head, household size, the dependency ratio, social welfare, and off\u2010farm work are significantly associated with household income. At the environmental level, arable land, the distance to the county center, and the average altitude had spatially heterogeneous impacts that varied in direction and intensity. This systematic study provides a more comprehensive and integrated understanding of the factors influencing the income of poor households in a frontier minority area in Northeast China.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8834422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]],"date-time":"2021-09-24T22:28:32Z","timestamp":1632522512000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Multilevel and Spatially Heterogeneous Factors Influencing Poor Households\u2019 Income in a Frontier Minority Area in Northeast China"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2082-7630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Binyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark W.","family":"Rosenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7290-412X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shijun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peifeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junfeng","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_2","volume-title":"The Course of Poverty Reduction in China (1949\u20132005)","author":"Zhang L.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spasta.2017.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","first-page":"1043","article-title":"The Millennium development goals report 2015","volume":"30","author":"United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)","year":"2015","journal-title":"Working Papers"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","first-page":"269","article-title":"Regional differentiation characteristics of rural poverty and targeted poverty alleviation strategy in China","volume":"31","author":"Liu Y.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-018-1953-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_2","volume-title":"China\u2019s Progress in Poverty Reduction and Human Rights","author":"China\u2019s State Council Information Office","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_2","volume-title":"Annual Report on Poverty Reduction of China","author":"Li P.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-018-1008-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12061-010-9046-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-017-1602-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-014-0741-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-010-9592-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3362\/9781780448749"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11482-017-9523-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2019.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_2","article-title":"Spatial poverty traps?","author":"Jalan J.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Policy Research Working Paper Series 1862"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-750X(02)00220-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-0864.2006.00121.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2009.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s1355770x10000513"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2016.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-018-0943-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2015.11.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4991.2009.00332.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2017.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/grow.12275"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8276392"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-016-1351-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2019.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/S1049-258520150000023007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355770X1000032X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/143141"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_2","volume-title":"The Fundamental Laws of GI Science","author":"Goodchild M.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9787.1993.tb00217.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3484568"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_2","volume-title":"Quantitative Methods and Applications in GIS","author":"Wang F.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00338.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-73186-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_2","volume-title":"Multilevel Statistical Models","author":"Goldstein H.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_2","volume-title":"Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods","author":"Raudenbush S.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0002-9092.2004.600_2.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9884.00145"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asieco.2015.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwi175"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13869\/j.cnki.rswc.2014.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proenv.2015.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2005.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611107104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_2","volume-title":"Report on the Work of Eliminating Poverty and Tackling Key Problems in Wangqing County","author":"Wangqing County People\u2019s Government","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/016001799761012334"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8381.00149"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_2","first-page":"32","article-title":"Participating in global poverty governance: China\u2019s approach","volume":"04","author":"Zhang X.","year":"2019","journal-title":"China International Studies"}],"container-title":["Complexity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/complexity\/2021\/8834422.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/complexity\/2021\/8834422.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/2021\/8834422","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T23:21:17Z","timestamp":1723245677000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/2021\/8834422"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Honglei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/2021\/8834422"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/8834422","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1076-2787","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-0526","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-08-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-09-04","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-09-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"8834422"}}