{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:01:23Z","timestamp":1791907283059,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612224000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Absalon Foundation","award":["NNF17OC0024718"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF17OC0024718"]}]},{"name":"IMK Almene Fond","award":["NNF17OC0024718"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF17OC0024718"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NNF17OC0024718"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF17OC0024718"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Disease Markers"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate existing literature on inflammatory markers in CSF from patients with hydrocephalus and identify potential markers capable of promoting hydrocephalus development and progression. Methods. Relevant studies published before December 3rd 2020 were identified from PubMed, Embase, and reference lists. Studies were screened for eligibility using the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data from eligible studies were extracted, and sources of bias were evaluated. We included articles written in English investigating inflammatory markers in CSF from patients with hydrocephalus and control subjects. The review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines by three independent reviewers. Results. Twenty-two studies analyzed CSF from 311 patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH), 178 with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH), 151 with other hydrocephalus diagnoses, and 394 control subjects. Fifty-eight inflammatory markers were investigated. The CSF of iNPH patients had increased CSF levels of IL-6, IL-1\u03b2, and LRG compared with control subjects, whereas the CSF of PHH patients had increased levels of IL-6, IL-18, and VEGF. CSF from patients with \u201cother hydrocephalus diagnoses\u201d had elevated IFN-\u03b3 compared to control subjects, and VEGF was increased in congenital hydrocephalus, spina bifida, and hydrocephalus associated with tuberculous meningitis compared with controls. Conclusion. IL-6, IL-1\u03b2, LRG, IL-18, VEGF, and IFN-\u03b3 are elevated in CSF from patients with hydrocephalus and may be involved in promotion of hydrocephalus development and progression. They may serve as novel disease biomarkers, and their signaling pathways may represent targets for pharmacological management of hydrocephalus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8834822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]],"date-time":"2021-02-03T14:06:07Z","timestamp":1612361167000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Inflammatory Markers in Cerebrospinal Fluid from Patients with Hydrocephalus: A Systematic Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6965-0939","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sara Diana","family":"Lolansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6384-9840","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nina","family":"Rostgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1371-2467","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eva Kjer","family":"Oernbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2652-7495","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marianne","family":"Juhler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5461-162X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anja Hviid","family":"Simonsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7800-6600","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nanna","family":"MacAulay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3978\/j.issn.2224-4336.2014.07.02"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802395-2.00005-5","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid circulation and hydrocephalus","volume":"145","author":"V. 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