{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:50:40Z","timestamp":1787017840663,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,30]],"date-time":"2021-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611964800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FRGS\/1\/2020\/TK0\/UNIMAP\/02\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2020\/TK0\/UNIMAP\/02\/20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Bionics and Biomechanics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of surface stiffness on multisegment foot kinematics and temporal parameters during running. Methods. Eighteen male subjects ran on three different surfaces (i.e., concrete, artificial grass, and rubber) in both heeled running shoes (HS) and minimal running shoes (MS). Both these shoes had dissimilar sole profiles. The heeled shoes had a higher sole at the heel, a thick base, and arch support, whereas the minimal shoes had a flat base sole. Indeed, the studied biomechanical parameters responded differently in the different footwear during running. Subjects ran in recreational mode speed while 3D foot kinematics (i.e., joint rotation and peak medial longitudinal arch (MLA) angle) were determined using a motion capture system (Qualysis, Gothenburg, Sweden). Information on stance time and plantar fascia strain (PFS) was also collected. Results. Running on different surface stiffness was found to significantly affect the peak MLA angles and stance times for both HS and MS conditions. However, the results showed that the joint rotation angles were not sensitive to surface stiffness. Also, PFS showed no relationship with surface stiffness, as the results were varied as the surface stiffness was changed. Conclusion. The surface stiffness significantly contributed towards the effects of peak MLA angle and stance time. These findings may enhance the understanding of biomechanical responses on various running surfaces stiffness in different shoe conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8842591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,31]],"date-time":"2021-01-31T17:50:05Z","timestamp":1612115405000},"page":"1-14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effects of Running Surface Stiffness on Three-Segment Foot Kinematics Responses with Different Shod Conditions"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"given":"Noor Arifah Azwani","family":"Abdul Yamin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechatronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Pauh Putra, Perlis, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9806-3565","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Khairul Salleh","family":"Basaruddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechatronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Pauh Putra, Perlis, Malaysia"},{"name":"Medical Device and Life Sciences Cluster, Sports Engineering Research Center (SERC), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Pauh Putra, Perlis, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5934-8314","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ahmad Faizal","family":"Salleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechatronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Pauh Putra, Perlis, Malaysia"},{"name":"Medical Device and Life Sciences Cluster, Sports Engineering Research Center (SERC), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Pauh Putra, Perlis, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Shahril","family":"Salim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechatronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Pauh Putra, Perlis, Malaysia"},{"name":"Medical Device and Life Sciences Cluster, Sports Engineering Research Center (SERC), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Pauh Putra, Perlis, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5697-8196","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wan Zuki Azman","family":"Wan Muhamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Device and Life Sciences Cluster, Sports Engineering Research Center (SERC), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Pauh Putra, Perlis, Malaysia"},{"name":"Institute of Engineering Mathematics, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Pauh Putra, Perlis, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2298"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2006.033548"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00573"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2006.08.002"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2010.04.007"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2008.07.011"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2011.06.004"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.07.020"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2007.05.028"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000126605.65966.40"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200011000-00016"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(97)01119-3"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/humo-2015-0013"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icfcse.2011.31"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.04.001"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/paah.45"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(99)00008-X"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2013.09.004"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2015.09.001"},{"key":"20","first-page":"18","article-title":"Effect of surface hardness on three-segment foot kinematics during barefoot running","volume":"16","author":"N. 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