{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T23:30:46Z","timestamp":1787614246927,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]],"date-time":"2021-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":87,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric disease that is developed as a complication of both acute and chronic liver failure affecting psychomotor dysfunction, memory, and concentration. This study is aimed at evaluating the therapeutic effects of <jats:italic>Dunaliella salina<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>salina<\/jats:italic>) microalgae in thioacetamide\u2010 (TAA\u2010) induced HE in rats. HE was induced by TAA (200\u2009mg\/kg; i.p.) for three successive days. Forty male Wister albino rats were divided into 4 groups; the first group was served as a normal, and the second group was injected with TAA and served as TAA control. The third and fourth groups were administered <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>salina<\/jats:italic> (100 and 200\u2009mg\/kg; p.o.), respectively, after TAA injection for 7 days. The behavioral and biochemical markers as well as histological aspects of HE were estimated. This study revealed that TAA caused behavioral changes, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, nuclear pyknosis, and neurons degeneration. <jats:italic>D. salina<\/jats:italic> improved liver function and decreased oxidative stress and inflammatory mediator as TLR4 protein expression. Also, <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>salina<\/jats:italic> elevated HSP\u201025 and IGF\u20101 as well as improved brain histopathological alterations. In conclusion, <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>salina<\/jats:italic> exerted a therapeutic potential against HE via its antioxidant, antiinflammatory and cytoprotective effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8843218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]],"date-time":"2021-03-29T19:05:08Z","timestamp":1617044708000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Amelioration of Hepatic Encephalopathy Using <i>Dunaliella salina<\/i> Microalgae in Rats: Modulation of Hyperammonemia\/TLR4"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4750-3559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farouk K.","family":"El-Baz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2948-5449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rania","family":"Elgohary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9870-5583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abeer","family":"Salama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.31250"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2161-069X.1000441"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.314"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl15419"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2003.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2012.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2015.74"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i38.6983"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.08.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-1536-5-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1262-3636(07)70133-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020222700203"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v11.i2.173"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2006.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2009.04153.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2019.101278"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2016.1153660"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_2","first-page":"89","article-title":"Commercial and industrial applications of micro algae\u2013a review","volume":"3","author":"Priyadarshani I.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Algal Biomass Utilization"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md16010026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2004.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2008.07.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_2","volume-title":"Handbook of Phycological Methods. Culture Methods and Growth Measurements","author":"Stein J. E.","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-06934-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1295492"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-3-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.119411"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-020-05094-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_2","first-page":"111","article-title":"Whey protein isolate protects against cyclophosphamide-induced acute liver and kidney damage in rats","volume":"7","author":"Mansour D. F.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2018.05.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-128x(94)90006-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_2","first-page":"882","article-title":"Improved method for the determination of blood glutathione","volume":"61","author":"Beutler E.","year":"1963","journal-title":"The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-2681(19)32137-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_2","first-page":"48","article-title":"Quercetin protects against thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxicity in rats through decreased oxidative stress biomarkers, the inflammatory cytokines; (TNF-\u03b1), (NF-\u03ba B) and DNA fragmentation","volume":"8","author":"Afifi N. A.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Der Pharma Chemica"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md17100552"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2010.07.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)00436-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7028314"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0549-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-010-9184-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2013.11.058"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12516"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(95)80424-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-010-1983-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.20952"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7420189"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.05.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2004.06.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-014-9502-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/ijp.2019.478.485"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e328333b829"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-016-9360-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(96)00000-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eri277"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6020466"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2004.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00024382-199901000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.12.066"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.10.5416"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2694"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-12-1602"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.5.22.3448"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2007.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/01.ajg.0000581996.67550.e4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.14.9828"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M008552200"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2017.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623310389621"}],"container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2021\/8843218.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2021\/8843218.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/2021\/8843218","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T06:59:54Z","timestamp":1735628394000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/2021\/8843218"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jane","family":"Hanrahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/2021\/8843218"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/8843218","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2314-6133","2314-6141"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2314-6133","type":"print"},{"value":"2314-6141","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-08-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-03-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-03-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"8843218"}}