{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:01:08Z","timestamp":1753887668865,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Complexity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Learning by doing, a change in beliefs (and consequently behaviour) due to experience, is crucial to the adaptive behaviours of organizations as well as the individuals that inhabit them. In this review paper, we summarise different pathologies of learning noted in past literature using a common underlying mechanism based on self\u2010confirming biased beliefs. These are inaccurate beliefs about the environment that are self\u2010confirming because acting upon these beliefs prevents their falsification. We provide a formal definition for self\u2010confirming biased beliefs as an attractor that can lock learning by doing systems into suboptimal actions and provide illustrations based on simulations. We then compare and distinguish self\u2010confirming biased beliefs from other related theoretical constructs, including confirmation bias, self\u2010fulfilling prophecies, and sticking points, and underscore that self\u2010confirming biased beliefs underlie inefficient self\u2010confirming equilibria and hot\u2010stove effects. Lastly, we highlight two fundamental ways to escape self\u2010confirming biased beliefs: taking actions inconsistent with beliefs (i.e., exploration) and getting information on unchosen actions (i.e., counterfactuals).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8865872","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T18:50:19Z","timestamp":1611600619000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Self\u2010Confirming Biased Beliefs in Organizational \u201cLearning by Doing\u201d"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3223-3987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanghyun","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0032-8538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phanish","family":"Puranam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","first-page":"848","article-title":"Predicting how people play games: reinforcement learning in experimental games with unique, mixed strategy equilibria","volume":"88","author":"Erev I.","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"volume-title":"A Behavioral Theory of the Firm","year":"1963","author":"Cyert R. 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