{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T13:19:28Z","timestamp":1753881568386,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":192,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007724","name":"Wuhan University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["193106001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["193106001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007724","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41972271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41972271"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Sensors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The settlement and deformation monitoring of subway tunnels had difficult in long\u2010distance and real time measurement. This study proposed an optic\u2010electric hybrid sensor based on infrared laser ranging technology and cable\u2010sensing technology. The working principle, hardware layer, design details, laboratory calibration and field validation were presented and discussed. The optic\u2010electric hybrid sensor implemented the real\u2010time intelligent analysis modulus for the whole system which could analysis the measurement errors and improve the accuracy. The laboratory calibration tests were carried out and the results shown that the hybrid sensors had measurement resolution of 1\u2009mm with the maximum measurement range of 100\u2009m. A remote real\u2010time intelligent monitoring system is established based on the hybrid sensors. The system contains an edge computing module, real\u2010time communication module and warning light signal with three colors. The stability of data acquisition and transmission of the intelligent control monitoring system under long\u2010term conditions was examined. Test results shown that the system was quite stable for the long\u2010term measurement. The whole system was verified in a constructing subway tunnel of Wuhan Metro Line 8, China. According to the field monitoring results, the deformations and the state of health safety of the tunnel was evaluated. The results of this study could provide useful guidance for tunnel deformation monitoring and has great practical value in civil engineering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8871893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T18:35:08Z","timestamp":1626114908000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Development of Optic\u2010Electric Hybrid Sensors for the Real\u2010Time Intelligent Monitoring of Subway Tunnels"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"given":"Fu-guang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5586-8478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong-sheng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rui-shan","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"He","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zhuo-wen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","first-page":"1277","article-title":"Benefit analysis of automatic deformation monitoring technology for mountain tunnels in Southwest China","volume":"39","author":"Luo H.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tunnel Construction"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","first-page":"1646","article-title":"Underneath tunnel deformation monitoring and control during deep excavation","volume":"10","author":"Xie X. 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