{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:25:25Z","timestamp":1785428725378,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617148800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020JJ4123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020JJ4123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020SK2056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020SK2056"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81970905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81970905"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Hunan Province","award":["2020JJ4123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020JJ4123"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Hunan Province","award":["2020SK2056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020SK2056"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Hunan Province","award":["81970905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81970905"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020JJ4123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020JJ4123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020SK2056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020SK2056"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81970905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81970905"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Bionics and Biomechanics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of the C-expander is an effective treatment modality for maxillary skeletal deficiencies which can cause ailments and significantly reduce life expectancy in late adolescents and young adults. However, the morphological and dynamic effects on the nasal airway have not been reported. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the nasal airway changes after the implementation of a C-expander. A sample of nine patients (8 females, 1 male, age range from 15 to 29 years) was included. The morphology parameters and nasal airway ventilation parameters of pretreatment and posttreatment were measured. All study data were normally distributed. A paired <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mi>t<\/a:mi>\n                     <\/a:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>-test was used to evaluate the changes before and after treatment. After expansion, the mean and standard deviation values of intercanine maxillary width (CMW) and intermolar maxillary width (MMW) increased from <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\">\n                        <c:mn>35.75<\/c:mn>\n                        <c:mo>\u00b1<\/c:mo>\n                        <c:mn>2.48<\/c:mn>\n                     <\/c:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>\u2009mm and <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <e:math xmlns:e=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\">\n                        <e:mn>54.20<\/e:mn>\n                        <e:mo>\u00b1<\/e:mo>\n                        <e:mn>3.17<\/e:mn>\n                     <\/e:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>\u2009mm to <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <g:math xmlns:g=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\">\n                        <g:mn>37.87<\/g:mn>\n                        <g:mo>\u00b1<\/g:mo>\n                        <g:mn>2.26<\/g:mn>\n                     <\/g:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>\u2009mm (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <i:math xmlns:i=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\">\n                        <i:mi>P<\/i:mi>\n                        <i:mo>&lt;<\/i:mo>\n                        <i:mn>0.05<\/i:mn>\n                     <\/i:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>) and <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <k:math xmlns:k=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\">\n                        <k:mn>56.65<\/k:mn>\n                        <k:mo>\u00b1<\/k:mo>\n                        <k:mn>3.10<\/k:mn>\n                     <\/k:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>\u2009mm (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <m:math xmlns:m=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M7\">\n                        <m:mi>P<\/m:mi>\n                        <m:mo>&lt;<\/m:mo>\n                        <m:mn>0.05<\/m:mn>\n                     <\/m:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>), respectively. The nasal cavity volume increased from <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <o:math xmlns:o=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M8\">\n                        <o:mn>20320.00<\/o:mn>\n                        <o:mo>\u00b1<\/o:mo>\n                        <o:mn>3468.25<\/o:mn>\n                     <\/o:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>\u2009mm3 to <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <q:math xmlns:q=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M9\">\n                        <q:mn>23134.70<\/q:mn>\n                        <q:mo>\u00b1<\/q:mo>\n                        <q:mn>3918.84<\/q:mn>\n                     <\/q:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>\u2009mm3 (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <s:math xmlns:s=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M10\">\n                        <s:mi>P<\/s:mi>\n                        <s:mo>&lt;<\/s:mo>\n                        <s:mn>0.05<\/s:mn>\n                     <\/s:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>). The nasal pressure drop decreased from <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <u:math xmlns:u=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M11\">\n                        <u:mn>36.34<\/u:mn>\n                        <u:mo>\u00b1<\/u:mo>\n                        <u:mn>3.99<\/u:mn>\n                     <\/u:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>\u2009Pa to <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <w:math xmlns:w=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M12\">\n                        <w:mn>30.70<\/w:mn>\n                        <w:mo>\u00b1<\/w:mo>\n                        <w:mn>3.17<\/w:mn>\n                     <\/w:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>\u2009Pa (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <y:math xmlns:y=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M13\">\n                        <y:mi>P<\/y:mi>\n                        <y:mo>&lt;<\/y:mo>\n                        <y:mn>0.05<\/y:mn>\n                     <\/y:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>), while the value of the maximum velocity decreased from <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <ab:math xmlns:ab=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M14\">\n                        <ab:mn>6.50<\/ab:mn>\n                        <ab:mo>\u00b1<\/ab:mo>\n                        <ab:mn>0.31<\/ab:mn>\n                     <\/ab:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>\u2009m\/s to <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <cb:math xmlns:cb=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M15\">\n                        <cb:mn>5.85<\/cb:mn>\n                        <cb:mo>\u00b1<\/cb:mo>\n                        <cb:mn>0.37<\/cb:mn>\n                     <\/cb:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>\u2009m\/s (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <eb:math xmlns:eb=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M16\">\n                        <eb:mi>P<\/eb:mi>\n                        <eb:mo>&lt;<\/eb:mo>\n                        <eb:mn>0.05<\/eb:mn>\n                     <\/eb:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>). Nasal resistance dropped remarkably from <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <gb:math xmlns:gb=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M17\">\n                        <gb:mn>0.16<\/gb:mn>\n                        <gb:mo>\u00b1<\/gb:mo>\n                        <gb:mn>0.14<\/gb:mn>\n                     <\/gb:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>\u2009Pa\/ml\/s to <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <ib:math xmlns:ib=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M18\">\n                        <ib:mn>0.08<\/ib:mn>\n                        <ib:mo>\u00b1<\/ib:mo>\n                        <ib:mn>0.06<\/ib:mn>\n                     <\/ib:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>\u2009Pa\/ml\/s (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <kb:math xmlns:kb=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M19\">\n                        <kb:mi>P<\/kb:mi>\n                        <kb:mo>&lt;<\/kb:mo>\n                        <kb:mn>0.05<\/kb:mn>\n                     <\/kb:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>). The use of C-expander can effectively broaden the area and volume of the nasal airway, having a positive effect in the reduction of nasal resistance and improvement of nasal airway ventilation. For patients suffering from maxillary width deficiency and respiratory disorders, a C-expander may be an alternative method to treat the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8874833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T00:35:06Z","timestamp":1617323706000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of Nasal Airway Changes after Treatment with C-Expander"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"given":"Wang","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research & Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care & Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health & Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siling","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research & Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care & Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health & Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanqin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research & Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care & Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health & Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research & Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care & Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health & Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xingsha Hospital, Changsha County, Hunan, No. 53 Kaiyuan Road, 410199, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoping","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research & Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care & Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health & Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research & Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care & Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health & Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3293-9824","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ousheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research & Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care & Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health & Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2008.07.014"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2015.06.018"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2319\/070818-507.1"},{"issue":"3","key":"4","first-page":"304.e1","article-title":"Transverse, vertical, and anteroposterior changes from bone-anchored maxillary expansion vs traditional rapid maxillary expansion: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"137","author":"M. 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