{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T05:47:01Z","timestamp":1751953621256,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]],"date-time":"2021-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610496000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Debre Berhan University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. As the dietary iodine content depends on the iodine contents of the soil where the crop is harvested, in highland areas where the iodine content of topsoil was washed away due to erosion, iodized salt is the main source of iodine. This study assessed the magnitude of iodine deficiency disorder and knowledge about the benefit and food sources of iodine among adolescent girls in the highland areas of the North Shewa Zone, Amhara Region, central Ethiopia. Methods. An institutional cross-sectional study was conducted from October 5, 2018, to December 30, 2019. Through a multistage sampling technique, 625 adolescent school girls were selected from 9 schools. A pretested semistructured self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Anthropometric measures and thyroid gland physical examinations were performed by trained nurses. The collected data were entered into the computer through Epi Data 3.1 software, and analysis was performed using Anthro plus and SPSS software. Results. The total goiter rate was 317 (50.7%) with 95%CI of 46.9% to 54.6%. Grade-one and grade-two goiter accounts 226 (36.2%) and 91 (14.6%), respectively. About one-third, 428 (68.5%), had knowledge about locally available iodine source foods and 309 (72.2%) of them mentioned salt as a source of iodine. Over half, 216 (55.1%), of 392 (62.7%) participants who had knowledge about the benefit of iodine knew it prevents goiter. Diet diversity score of &lt;5 food groups [AOR 1.487, 95%CI 1.061\u20132.083], stunting [AOR 1.876, 95%CI 1.079\u20133.257], menstruation [AOR 1.615, 95%CI 1.110\u20132.349], rural residence [AOR 1.412, 95%CI 1.005\u20131.984], and open salt storage container [AOR 2.001, 95%CI 1.044\u20133.833] were significantly associated with goiter. Conclusions. Total goiter rate of adolescent school girls is high in the area. Low diet diversity score, stunting, menstruation, rural residence, and using an open container for salt storage increased the risk of goiter. In addition to universal salt iodization, the emphasis has to be given on proper handling and utilization of iodized salts at the household level to avoid iodine deficiency disorder in adolescent girls.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8892180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]],"date-time":"2021-01-13T23:51:59Z","timestamp":1610581919000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Iodine Deficiency Disorder and Knowledge about Benefit and Food Source of Iodine among Adolescent Girls in the North Shewa Zone of Amhara Region"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"given":"Abayneh Birlie","family":"Zeru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Institute of Medicine and Health Science, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mikyas Arega","family":"Muluneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Midwifery, Institute of Medicine and Health Science, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kassa Ketsela","family":"H Giorgis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Institute of Medicine and Health Science, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9423-5502","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mulat Mossie","family":"Menalu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Institute of Medicine and Health Science, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7500-5370","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael Amera","family":"Tizazu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Midwifery, Institute of Medicine and Health Science, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"volume-title":"Nutrition in Adolescence: Issues and Challenges for the Health Sector: Issues in Adolescent Health and Development","year":"2005","author":"World Health Organization","key":"1"},{"article-title":"Human vitamin and mineral requirements: report of a joint FAO\/WHO expert consultation bangkok, Thailand","year":"2001","author":"Food and Agriculture Organization","key":"2"},{"issue":"4","key":"3","first-page":"208","article-title":"Knowledge of iodine deficiency disorders and intake of iodized salt in residents of mekelle tigray, Ethiopia","volume":"4","author":"T. G. Amabye","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition"},{"volume-title":"Micronutrient Deficiency: For the Ethiopian Health Center Team","year":"2005","author":"T. Belachew","key":"4"},{"volume-title":"Adolescent Nutrition: Policy and Programming in SUN+ Countries","year":"2015","author":"T. Khara","key":"5"},{"volume-title":"Adolescent Nutrition","year":"2013","author":"Nutrition and Physical Activity Guidelines for Adolescents","key":"6"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10091270"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-02559"},{"volume-title":"World Summit for Children - Mid Decade Goal: Iodine Deficiency Disorders","year":"1994","author":"UNICEF-WHO Joint Committee on Health Policy","key":"9"},{"volume-title":"Joint Statement: Reaching Optimal Iodine Nutrition in Pregnant and Lactating Women and Young Children","year":"2007","author":"WHO, UNICEF. World Health Organization, United Nations Children\u2019s Fund","key":"10"},{"year":"2017","key":"11"},{"year":"2015","author":"T. Chuko","key":"12"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/eajph.v5i3.38997"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-2480-5"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhs.v24i2.2"},{"issue":"3","key":"16","first-page":"196","article-title":"Prevalence and severity of iodine deficiency disorder among children 6-12 years of age in Shebe Senbo district, Jimma zone, Southwest Ethiopia","volume":"22","author":"Y. Mezgebu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"17","first-page":"40","article-title":"Effects of iodine defiency goiter on academic performance of girls","volume":"30","author":"R. Mushtaq","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomedica"},{"volume-title":"Key Barriers to Global Iodine Deficiency Disorder Control: A Summery","year":"2007","author":"M. Zimmermann","key":"18"},{"volume-title":"Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women: A Guide for Measurement","year":"2016","author":"FaF","key":"19"},{"volume-title":"Assessment of Adolescent Girl Nutrition, Dietary Practices, and Roles in zimbabwe","year":"2015","author":"A. R. Masterson","key":"20"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-6012.ijrms20162334"},{"key":"22","volume-title":"Assessment of Iodine Deficiency Disorders and Monitoring Their Elimination: A Guide for Programme Managers","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2007","edition":"3"},{"volume-title":"Iodine Status Worldwide: WHO Global Database on Iodine Defifciency","year":"2004","author":"World Health Organization","key":"23"},{"issue":"1","key":"24","first-page":"101","article-title":"Availability and knowledge of iodized salt at household level and associated factors at Debre tabor town, northwest Ethiopia","volume":"6","author":"T. Demissie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Nutrition and Health Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4314\/thrb.v20i4.5","article-title":"Knowledge about goitre among female school-going children in Wellega Province, Ethiopia","volume":"20","author":"Z. F. Abessa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tanzania Journal of Health Research"},{"volume-title":"Ethiopian National Micronutrient Survey Report","year":"2016","author":"A. Hailu","key":"26"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3914-z"},{"volume-title":"Goitre as a Determinant of the Prevalence and Severity of Iodine Deficiency Disorders in Populations, Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System","year":"2014","author":"World Health Organization","key":"28"},{"volume-title":"Effect and safety of salt iodization to prevent iodine deficiency disorders: a systematic review with meta-analyses, WHO eLibrary of Evidence for Nutrition Actions (eLENA)","year":"2014","author":"N. Aburto","key":"29"},{"volume-title":"Guidance On the Monitoring of Salt Iodization Programmes and Determination of Population Iodine Status","year":"2015","author":"UNICEF","key":"30"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-011-0436-7"},{"issue":"2","key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3329\/dujps.v15i2.30931","article-title":"Estimation of loss of iodine from edible iodized salt during cooking of various bangladeshi food preparations","volume":"15","author":"K. M. Y. K. Sikdar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.2.7209"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.83.10.5170"},{"issue":"1","key":"35","first-page":"37","article-title":"Nutrition and goiter status of primary school children in ibadan, Nigeria","volume":"12","author":"R. A. Sanusi","year":"2009","journal-title":"African Journal of Biomedical Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.5897\/JPHE12.087","article-title":"A pilot study of iodine and anthropometric status of primary school children in Obukpa, a rural Nigerian community","volume":"4","author":"N. J. Ugo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"37","first-page":"368","article-title":"Predictors of goiter among school children in Southwest Ethiopia: case control study","volume":"5","author":"D. L. kebede","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Nutrition & Food Sciences"}],"container-title":["Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jnme\/2021\/8892180.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jnme\/2021\/8892180.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jnme\/2021\/8892180.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,11]],"date-time":"2022-12-11T13:23:27Z","timestamp":1670765007000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/jnme\/2021\/8892180\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Karen L.","family":"Sweazea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["8892180","8892180"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/8892180","relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-0732","2090-0724"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2090-0732"},{"type":"print","value":"2090-0724"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]]}}}