{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T13:43:42Z","timestamp":1762868622680,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":236,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Eye\u2010tracking technology is advancing rapidly, becoming cheaper and easier to use and more robust. This has fueled an increase in its implementation for Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC). Nowadays, Eye\u2010Tracking Communication Devices (ETCDs) can be an effective aid for people with disabilities and communication problems. However, it is not clear what level of performance is attainable with these devices or how to optimize them for AAC use. The objective of this observational study was to provide data on non\u2010disabled adults\u2019 performance with ETCD regarding (a) range of eye\u2010typing ability in terms of speed and errors for different age groups and (b) relationship between ETCD performance and bimanual writing with a conventional PC keyboard and (c) to suggest a method for a correct implementation of ETCD for AAC. Sixty\u2010seven healthy adult volunteers (aged 20\u201379 years) were asked to type a sample sentence using, first, a commercial ETCD and then a standard PC keyboard; we recorded the typing speed and error rate. We repeated the test 11 times in order to assess performance changes due to learning. Performances differed between young (20\u201339 years), middle\u2010aged (40\u201359 years), and elderly (60\u201379 years) participants. Age had a negative impact on performance: as age increased, typing speed decreased and the error rate increased. There was a clear learning effect, i.e., repetition of the exercise produced an improvement of performance in all subjects. Bimanual and ETCD typing speed showed a linear relationship, with a Pearson\u2019s correlation coefficient of 0.73. The assessment of the effect of age on eye\u2010typing performance can be useful to evaluate the effectiveness of man\u2010machine interaction for use of ETCDs for AAC. Based on our findings, we outline a potential method (obviously requiring further verification) for the setup and tuning of ETCDs for AAC in people with disabilities and communication problems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9365199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T23:05:34Z","timestamp":1629932734000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Writing with the Eyes: The Effect of Age on Eye\u2010Tracking Performance in Non\u2010Disabled Adults and a Comparison with Bimanual Typing"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8228-2464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Caligari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8910-2649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marica","family":"Giardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5948-2428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Arcolin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8501-6524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Godi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7484-0171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Corna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0893-9149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Colombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07434618.2014.904435"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rrq.59"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2009.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2012.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3256"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-2012-0183-362"},{"volume-title":"Augmentative & Alternative Communication: Supporting Children and Adults with Complex Communication Needs","year":"2013","author":"Beukelman D. 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