{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T02:44:15Z","timestamp":1747190655294,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627948800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korean Government","award":["21ZR1300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21ZR1300"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Security and Communication Networks"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Public blockchain records are widely studied in various aspects such as cryptocurrency abuse, anti-money-laundering, and monetary flow of businesses. However, the final blockchain records, usually available from block explorer services or querying locally stored data of blockchain nodes, do not provide abundant and dynamic event logs that are only visible from a live large-scale measurement. In this paper, we collect the network logs of three popular permissionless blockchains, that is, Bitcoin, Ethereum, and EOS. The discrepancy between observed events and the public block data is studied via a noble analysis model provided with the soundness of measurement. We share our key findings including a false universal assumption of previous mining-related studies and the block\/transaction arrival characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9549602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]],"date-time":"2021-08-04T23:21:52Z","timestamp":1628119312000},"page":"1-18","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Understanding Block and Transaction Logs of Permissionless Blockchain Networks"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8105-4224","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hwanjo","family":"Heo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1077-5606","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seungwon","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"article-title":"Bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system","year":"2019","author":"S. Nakamoto","key":"1"},{"article-title":"Ethereum white paper.","year":"2013","author":"V. Buterin","key":"2"},{"article-title":"Monero","year":"2020","author":"Monero","key":"3"},{"key":"4"},{"key":"5"},{"article-title":"XRP: The best digital asset for global payments","year":"2020","author":"Ripple","key":"6"},{"article-title":"Iota","year":"2021","author":"I. Foundation","key":"7"},{"year":"2020","key":"8","article-title":"Eosio"},{"article-title":"Eos proves yet again that decentralization is not its priority","year":"2018","author":"S. O\u2019neal","key":"9"},{"key":"10"},{"key":"11"},{"article-title":"Bitcoin block explorer","year":"2021","author":"BTC.com","key":"12"},{"key":"13"},{"key":"14"},{"article-title":"Eos block explorer","year":"2021","author":"EOSPark","key":"15"},{"key":"16"},{"first-page":"1","article-title":"Cybercriminal minds: An investigative study of cryptocurrency abuses in the dark web","author":"S. Lee","key":"17"},{"first-page":"1","article-title":"An inquiry into money laundering tools in the bitcoin ecosystem","author":"M. M\u00f6ser","key":"18"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fi8010007"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-58387-6_24"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978341"},{"article-title":"Measurement and analysis of the bitcoin networks: a view from mining pools","year":"2019","author":"C. Wang","key":"22"},{"key":"23","article-title":"Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger","volume":"151","author":"G. Wood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ethereum Project Yellow Paper"},{"year":"2018","key":"24","article-title":"Transactions protocol eosio developer docs"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-47854-7_32"},{"article-title":"Consensus protocol","year":"2018","author":"Block.one","key":"26"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2810103.2813655"},{"year":"2020","key":"28","article-title":"Github: Bit coin"},{"article-title":"Go ethereum","year":"2020","author":"G. Ethereum","key":"29"},{"article-title":"Google cloud","year":"2021","author":"Google","key":"30"},{"year":"2018","key":"31","article-title":"How to replay from a snapshot"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/p2p.2013.6688704"},{"year":"2020","key":"33","article-title":"Ethereum uncle rate"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-44774-1_7"},{"article-title":"Bit-booster - offline commit graph drawing tool","year":"2016","author":"G. S. Davies","key":"35"},{"article-title":"On subversive miner strategies and block withholding attack in bitcoin digital currency","year":"2014","author":"N. T. Courtois","key":"36"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45472-5_28"},{"first-page":"195","article-title":"Be selfish and avoid dilemmas: fork after withholding (faw) attacks on bitcoin","author":"Y. Kwon","key":"38"},{"article-title":"Decentralisation, governance and eos - a lost case?","year":"2020","author":"B. Research","key":"39"},{"article-title":"Irreversible transactions - finney attack","year":"2012","author":"B. Wiki","key":"40"},{"article-title":"The bitcoin lightning network: scalable off-chain instant payments","year":"2016","author":"J. Poon","key":"41"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70278-0_14"},{"year":"2018","key":"43","article-title":"Replace by fee"},{"article-title":"Node and clients","year":"2020","author":"E. Foundation","key":"44"},{"article-title":"Behind block explorers: public blockchain measurement and security implication","author":"H. Heo","key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS51616.2021.00029"},{"article-title":"Block arrivals in the bitcoin blockchain","year":"2018","author":"R. Bowden","key":"46"},{"key":"47","unstructured":"CrovellaM. E.BestavrosA.Explaining world wide web traffic self-similarity1995Princeton, NJ, USACiteseerTechnical Report"},{"article-title":"Estimation of hurst parameter by variance-time plots","author":"H. Zhang","key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/PACRIM.1997.620401"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1002\/047120644X.ch15","article-title":"Characteristics of TCP connection arrivals","volume-title":"Self-Similar Network Traffic and Performance Evaluation","author":"A. Feldmann","year":"2000"},{"article-title":"RSK","year":"2021","author":"RSK","key":"50"},{"first-page":"129","article-title":"Eclipse attacks on bitcoin\u2019s peer-to-peer network","author":"E. Heilman","key":"51"},{"key":"52","first-page":"236","article-title":"Low-resource eclipse attacks on ethereum\u2019s peer-to-peer network","volume":"2018","author":"Y. Marcus","year":"2018","journal-title":"IACR Cryptology"},{"first-page":"375","article-title":"Hijacking bitcoin: Routing attacks on cryptocurrencies","author":"M. Apostolaki","key":"53"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/sp40000.2020.00027"},{"article-title":"Bip 0152","year":"2016","author":"B. I. Proposal","key":"55"},{"article-title":"Bitcoin Core Version 0.19.0.1 Release Note","year":"2016","author":"B. Core","key":"56"},{"year":"2019","key":"57","article-title":"Geth v1.9.0"},{"year":"2016","key":"58","article-title":"Protocol documentation"},{"first-page":"1306","article-title":"Selfish mining in ethereum","author":"C. Feng","key":"59"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2382196.2382292"},{"first-page":"801","article-title":"Fastkitten: practical smart contracts on bitcoin","author":"P. Das","key":"61"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tnse.2021.3050034"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2018.10.002"},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3412841.3442038"},{"article-title":"Optimistic-rollups","year":"2021","author":"E. foundation","key":"65"},{"year":"2021","key":"66","article-title":"Zk-rollups"},{"article-title":"Ethereum wire protocol","year":"2019","author":"E. foundation","key":"67"},{"key":"68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3278532.3278542"},{"article-title":"Delivering sub-microsecond accurate time to linux applications around the world","year":"2012","author":"Symmetricom","key":"69"},{"article-title":"Blocktrail blockchain data query service (terminated)","year":"2019","author":"Ycharts","key":"70"}],"container-title":["Security and Communication Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/scn\/2021\/9549602.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/scn\/2021\/9549602.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/scn\/2021\/9549602.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T15:27:39Z","timestamp":1673018859000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/scn\/2021\/9549602\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Wenjuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]]},"references-count":70,"alternative-id":["9549602","9549602"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/9549602","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-0122","1939-0114"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1939-0122"},{"type":"print","value":"1939-0114"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]]}}}