{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T06:10:44Z","timestamp":1789020644325,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636588800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Provincial Colleges and Universities","award":["2019-KYYWF-1223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-KYYWF-1223"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. With the increasing resistance of antibiotics to bacteria, new and effective methods are needed to transform existing antibiotics to solve the problem of long development cycles for new drugs. The antibiotic nanodelivery system has proven to be a promising strategy. Aim. The purpose of this study is to synthesize penicillin solid lipid nanoparticles (penicillin SLNs) to enhance the antibacterial activity of penicillin against drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Materials and Methods. Penicillin SLNs were synthesized. And particle size, the polydispersity index (PI), and zeta potential (ZP) of penicillin SLNs were measured. The surface morphology of penicillin SLNs was observed using a transmission electron microscope. Results. The particle size of penicillin SLNs is <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mn>112.3<\/a:mn>\n                        <a:mo>\u00b1<\/a:mo>\n                        <a:mn>11.9<\/a:mn>\n                        <a:mtext>\u2009<\/a:mtext>\n                        <a:mtext>nm<\/a:mtext>\n                     <\/a:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>, the polydispersity index (PI) and zeta potential (ZP) of penicillin SLNs are <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\">\n                        <c:mn>0.212<\/c:mn>\n                        <c:mo>\u00b1<\/c:mo>\n                        <c:mn>0.03<\/c:mn>\n                     <\/c:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula> and <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <e:math xmlns:e=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\">\n                        <e:mo>\u2212<\/e:mo>\n                        <e:mn>27.6<\/e:mn>\n                        <e:mo>\u00b1<\/e:mo>\n                        <e:mn>5.5<\/e:mn>\n                        <e:mtext>\u2009<\/e:mtext>\n                        <e:mtext>mV<\/e:mtext>\n                     <\/e:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>. The encapsulation efficiency and drug loading were <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <g:math xmlns:g=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\">\n                        <g:mn>98.31<\/g:mn>\n                        <g:mo>\u00b1<\/g:mo>\n                        <g:mn>1.2<\/g:mn>\n                        <g:mi>%<\/g:mi>\n                     <\/g:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula> and <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <i:math xmlns:i=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\">\n                        <i:mn>4.98<\/i:mn>\n                        <i:mo>\u00b1<\/i:mo>\n                        <i:mn>0.05<\/i:mn>\n                     <\/i:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula> (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <k:math xmlns:k=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\">\n                        <k:mi>%<\/k:mi>\n                        <k:mi>w<\/k:mi>\n                        <k:mo>\/<\/k:mo>\n                        <k:mi>w<\/k:mi>\n                     <\/k:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>), respectively. Penicillin SLNs had a more significant inhibitory effect on the growth of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) after the drug and the bacteria were incubated for 12 hours. The number of MRSA colonies in the penicillin group increased after 12 hours, while the number of MRSA colonies in the penicillin SLNs group did not change significantly. Conclusion. Penicillin SLNs enhance the ability of penicillin to enter cells and increase the concentration of penicillin in the cell and also extend the residence time of penicillin in the cell. Our findings indicated that penicillin SLNs enhance the inhibitory effect of penicillin on drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9571286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T18:05:09Z","timestamp":1636653909000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Experimental Study on the Resistance of Synthetic Penicillin Solid Lipid Nanoparticles to Clinically Resistant Staphylococcus aureus"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"given":"Enliang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihaer Medical College, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tonghui","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmaceutics Room, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marxism, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Cong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmaceutics Room, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1483-8467","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yunlong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihaer Medical College, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00239-019-09914-3"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/82_2016_497"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2018.1488590"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4265\/bio.23.207"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-015-2566-8"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2016-215225"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.2224"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.4689"},{"issue":"2","key":"9","first-page":"269","article-title":"Vancomycin resistance in <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>","volume":"90","author":"W. 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