{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T21:54:30Z","timestamp":1740174870933,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]],"date-time":"2021-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633996800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sichuan Provincial Key Research and Development Program","award":["2021YFG0345","81903407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFG0345","81903407"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFG0345","81903407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFG0345","81903407"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Scientific Programming"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Public health is very important in big cities, and data analysis on public health studies is always a demanding issue that determines the study effectiveness. E-value was proposed as a standard sensitivity analysis tool to assess unmeasured confounders in observational studies, but its value is doubted. To evaluate the usefulness of E-value, in this paper, we collected 368 observational studies on drug effectiveness evaluation published from 1998 to September 2019 (out of 3426 searched studies) and evaluated the features of E-value. We selected the effects of primary outcomes or the largest effects in terms of hazard ratio, risk ratio, or odds ratio. Effects were transformed into estimated effect sizes following a standard E-value computation. In all 368 studies, the disease with the highest percentage was infections and infestations, at 21.7% (80\/368). Our results showed that the median relative effect size was 1.89 (Q1-Q3: 1.41\u20132.95), and the corresponding median E-value was 3.19 with 95% confidence interval lower bound 1.77. Smaller studies yielded larger E-values for the effect size estimate and the relationship was considerably attenuated when considering the E-value for the lower bound of 95% confidence interval on the effect size. Notably, E-values have a monotonic, almost linear relationship with effect estimates. We found that E-value may cause misimpressions on the unmeasured confounder, and the same E-value does not reflect the varying nature of the unmeasured confounders in different studies, and there lacks a guidance on how E-value can be deemed as small or large, all of which limits the capability of E-value as a standard sensitivity analysis tool in real applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9618161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T02:05:52Z","timestamp":1634090752000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assess the Application of the E-Value in the Unmeasured Confounder Evaluation of Observational Pharmaceutical Studies"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"given":"Lihong","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"},{"name":"Evidence-based Medicine Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1665-1428","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jianbing","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaochun","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Library of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200240, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4146-8123","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tao","family":"Suo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Surgery Department of Zhongshan Hospital, The General Surgery Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/12-aos1058"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(04)16261-2"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.70.5.767"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7040.1215"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.22.1.189"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0194-3960(08)16004-8"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-3692-2_4","volume-title":"Sensitivity to Hidden Bias","author":"P. 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