{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T23:17:44Z","timestamp":1775344664736,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]],"date-time":"2021-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631232000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010016","name":"Nottingham Trent University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"ICON PLC"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000864","name":"Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000864","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Healthcare Engineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tremor is a common symptom of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). Currently, tremor is evaluated clinically based on MDS-UPDRS Rating Scale, which is inaccurate, subjective, and unreliable. Precise assessment of tremor severity is the key to effective treatment to alleviate the symptom. Therefore, several objective methods have been proposed for measuring and quantifying PD tremor from data collected while patients performing scripted and unscripted tasks. However, up to now, the literature appears to focus on suggesting tremor severity classification methods without discrimination tasks effect on classification and tremor severity measurement. In this study, a novel approach to identify a recommended system is used to measure tremor severity, including the influence of tasks performed during data collection on classification performance. The recommended system comprises recommended tasks, classifier, classifier hyperparameters, and resampling technique. The proposed approach is based on the above-average rule of five advanced metrics results of four subdatasets, six resampling techniques, six classifiers besides signal processing, and features extraction techniques. The results of this study indicate that tasks that do not involve direct wrist movements are better than tasks that involve direct wrist movements for tremor severity measurements. Furthermore, resampling techniques improve classification performance significantly. The findings of this study suggest that a recommended system consists of support vector machine (SVM) classifier combined with BorderlineSMOTE oversampling technique and data collection while performing set of recommended tasks, which are sitting, stairs up and down, walking straight, walking while counting, and standing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9624386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]],"date-time":"2021-09-10T23:50:09Z","timestamp":1631317809000},"page":"1-15","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Task-Oriented Intelligent Solution to Measure Parkinson\u2019s Disease Tremor Severity"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9244-1054","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ghayth","family":"AlMahadin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5139-6565","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Lotfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2730-0233","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marie Mc","family":"Carthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICON PLC, South County Business Park, Dublin 18, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1006-0942","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Philip","family":"Breedon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.131045"},{"key":"2","first-page":"113","article-title":"A real-time system to aid clinical classification and quantification of tremor in Parkinson\u2019s disease","author":"P. Pierleoni"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22340"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2016.11"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2010.05313.x"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.09.009"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0303-8467(19)30266-5"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-019-0217-7"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.ra.2018-0045"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22445"},{"key":"11","first-page":"9","article-title":"A measurement device for motion analysis of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease using sensor based smart clothes","author":"K. Niazmand"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/titb.2011.2182616"},{"key":"13","first-page":"5980","article-title":"A wavelet-based approach to monitoring Parkinson\u2019s disease symptoms","author":"A. Wagner"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-200109000-00004"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/embc.2014.6943738"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04702"},{"issue":"4","key":"17","article-title":"Imbalanced dataset classification and solutions: a review","volume":"5","author":"D. Ramyachitra","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Computing and Business Research (IJCBR)"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2013.07.007"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3343440"},{"key":"20","article-title":"Fox foundation. \u201cData sets: MJFF levodopa response study","author":"J. Michael","year":"2019"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2019.03.002"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s17092067"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.01036"},{"key":"24","first-page":"1108","article-title":"\u201cClinical decision support system for Parkinson\u2019s disease and related movement disorders\u201d","author":"M. Asad Raza"},{"issue":"2","key":"25","first-page":"106","article-title":"Quantification of Parkinson tremor intensity based on EMG signal analysis using fast orthogonal search algorithm","volume":"14","author":"H. R. Moghadam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icbme.2015.7404105"},{"key":"27","first-page":"223","article-title":"Eeg spectral centroid amplitude and band power features: a correlation analysis","author":"M. S. A. M. Ali"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2013.12.007"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2014.2310904"},{"issue":"3","key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1007\/s10618-013-0312-3","article-title":"Cid: an efficient complexity-invariant distance for time series","volume":"28","author":"G. E. A. P. A. Batista","year":"2014","journal-title":"Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ijcnn.2008.4633969"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11538059_91"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1976.4309523"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10994-013-5422-z"},{"key":"35","first-page":"10","article-title":"Balancing training data for automated annotation of keywords: a case study","author":"G. E. Batista","year":"2003","journal-title":"WOB"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1007730.1007735"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118029145","volume-title":"Data Mining: Concepts, Models, Methods, and Algorithms","author":"M. Kantardzic","year":"2011"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1010933404324"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00994018"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-25465-X_9","article-title":"Decision trees","volume-title":"Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Handbook","author":"L. Rokach","year":"2005"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1532-0464(03)00034-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"42","first-page":"3","article-title":"Supervised machine learning: a review of classification techniques","volume":"160","author":"B. Sotiris","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerging Artificial Intelligence Applications in Computer Engineering"},{"key":"43","first-page":"2951","article-title":"Practical Bayesian optimization of machine learning algorithms","volume":"25","author":"Jasper Snoek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"issue":"1","key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2015.2494218","article-title":"Taking the human out of the loop: a review of Bayesian optimization","volume":"104","author":"B. Shahriari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE"},{"key":"45","article-title":"Scikit-optimize","author":"T. Head","year":"2018"},{"issue":"9","key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2008.239","article-title":"Learning from imbalanced data","volume":"21","author":"H. He","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11871842_16"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-02172-5_57"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.143.1.7063747"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/9827845","type":"retraction","label":"Retraction","source":"retraction-watch","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"record-id":"61184"},{"DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/9827845","type":"retraction","label":"Retraction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000}}],"container-title":["Journal of Healthcare Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jhe\/2021\/9624386.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jhe\/2021\/9624386.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jhe\/2021\/9624386.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]],"date-time":"2021-10-04T16:58:09Z","timestamp":1633366689000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/jhe\/2021\/9624386\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Malik","family":"Alazzam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["9624386","9624386"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/9624386","relation":{"retraction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1155\/2023\/9827845","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2040-2309","2040-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2040-2309","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2040-2295","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]]}}}