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This disease has been considered an occupational disease, occurring among people working in the field of agriculture, particularly in low-income countries. In 1914, the first case of CBM was described in Brazil, and although efforts have been made, few scientific and technological advances have been made in this area. In the field of fungi and host cell relationship, a very reduced number of antigens were characterized, but available data suggest that ectoantigens bind to the cell membrane of host cells and modulate the phagocytic, immunological, and microbicidal responses of immune cells. Furthermore, antigens cleave extracellular proteins in tissues, allowing fungi to spread. On the contrary, if phagocytic cells are able to present antigens in MHC molecules to T lymphocytes in the presence of costimulation and IL-12, a Th1 immune response will develop and a relative control of the disease will be observed. Despite knowledge of the resistance and susceptibility in CBM, up to now, no effective vaccines have been developed. In the field of chemotherapy, most patients are treated with conventional antifungal drugs, such as itraconazole and terbinafine, but these drugs exhibit limitations, considering that not all patients heal cutaneous lesions. Few advances in treatment have been made so far, but one of the most promising ones is based on the use of immunomodulators, such as imiquimod. Data about a standard treatment are missing in the medical literature; part of it is caused by the existence of a diversity of etiologic agents and clinical forms. The present review summarizes the advances made in the field of CBM related to the diversity of pathogenic species, fungi and host cell relationship, antigens, innate and acquired immunity, clinical forms of CBM, chemotherapy, and diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9742832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]],"date-time":"2021-11-02T00:50:07Z","timestamp":1635814207000},"page":"1-23","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Reviewing the Etiologic Agents, Microbe-Host Relationship, Immune Response, Diagnosis, and Treatment in Chromoblastomycosis"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5986-6381","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luiz Felipe Domingues","family":"Passero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, S\u00e3o Vicente, Brazil"},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute for Advanced Studies of Ocean, S\u00e3o Vicente, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4462-1952","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Italo Novais","family":"Cavallone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, S\u00e3o Vicente, Brazil"},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute for Advanced Studies of Ocean, S\u00e3o Vicente, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0401-1885","authenticated-orcid":true,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Walter","family":"Belda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Department, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Medical School, Clinics Hospital, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases, Medical School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","first-page":"1346","article-title":"Managing chromoblastomycosis with acitretin plus imiquimod: a case report on the improvement of cutaneous lesions and reduction of the treatment time","author":"W. 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