{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:30:56Z","timestamp":1791919856421,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,24]],"date-time":"2021-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":204,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>Abrus precatorius<\/jats:italic> is used in folk medicine across Afro\u2010Asian regions of the world. Earlier, glucose lowering and pancreato\u2010protective effects of <jats:italic>Abrus precatorius<\/jats:italic> leaf extract (APLE) was confirmed experimentally in STZ\/nicotinamide\u2010induced diabetic rats; however, the underlying mechanism of antidiabetic effect and pancreato\u2010protection remained unknown. <jats:italic>Objective<\/jats:italic>. This study elucidated antidiabetic mechanisms and pancreato\u2010protective effects of APLE in diabetic rats. <jats:italic>Materials and Methods<\/jats:italic>. APLE was prepared by ethanol\/Soxhlet extraction method. Total phenols and flavonoids were quantified calorimetrically after initial phytochemical screening. Diabetes mellitus (DM) was established in adult Sprague\u2010Dawley rats (weighing 120\u2013180\u2009g) of both sexes by daily sequential injection of nicotinamide (48\u2009mg\/kg; <jats:italic>ip<\/jats:italic>) and Alloxan (120\u2009mg\/kg; <jats:italic>ip<\/jats:italic>) over a period of 7 days. Except control rats which had fasting blood glucose (FBG) of 4.60\u2009mmol\/L, rats having stable FBG (16\u201321\u2009mmol\/L) 7 days post\u2010nicotinamide\/Alloxan injection were considered diabetic and were randomly reassigned to one of the following groups (model, APLE (100, 200, and 400\u2009mg\/kg, respectively; <jats:italic>po<\/jats:italic>) and metformin (300\u2009mg\/kg; <jats:italic>po<\/jats:italic>)) and treated daily for 18 days. Bodyweight and FBG were measured every 72 hours for 18 days. On day 18, rats were sacrificed under deep anesthesia; organs (kidney, liver, pancreas, and spleen) were isolated and weighed. Blood was collected for estimation of serum insulin, glucagon, and GLP\u20101 using a rat\u2010specific ELISA kit. The pancreas was processed, sectioned, and H&amp;E\u2010stained for histological examination. Effect of APLE on enzymatic activity of alpha (<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>)\u2010amylase and <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\u2010glucosidase was assessed. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties of APLE were assessed using standard methods. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. APLE dose\u2010dependently decreased the initial FBG by 68.67%, 31.07%, and 4.39% compared to model (4.34%) and metformin (43.63%). APLE (100\u2009mg\/kg) treatment restored weight loss relative to model. APLE increased serum insulin and GLP\u20101 but decreased serum glucagon relative to model. APLE increased both the number and median crosssectional area (\u00d710<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) of pancreatic islets compared to that of model. APLE produced concentration\u2010dependent inhibition of <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\u2010amylase and <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\u2010glucosidase relative to acarbose. APLE concentration dependently scavenged DPPH and nitric oxide (NO) radicals and demonstrated increased ferric reducing antioxidant capacity (FRAC) relative to standards. <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. Antidiabetic effect of APLE is mediated through modulation of insulin and GLP\u20101 inversely with glucagon, noncompetitive inhibition of <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\u2010amylase and <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\u2010glucosidase, free radical scavenging, and recovery of damaged\/necro\u2010apoptosized pancreatic <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2010cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9920826","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,24]],"date-time":"2021-07-24T21:35:07Z","timestamp":1627162507000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["<i>Abrus precatorius<\/i> Leaf Extract Reverses Alloxan\/Nicotinamide\u2010Induced Diabetes Mellitus in Rats through Hormonal (Insulin, GLP\u20101, and Glucagon) and Enzymatic (<i>\u03b1<\/i>\u2010Amylase\/<i>\u03b1<\/i>\u2010Glucosidase) Modulation"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1133-0940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"Boye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1619-2583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor Yao Atsu","family":"Barku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8197-2618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Desmond Omane","family":"Acheampong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric Gyamerah","family":"Ofori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.112918","article-title":"Glucose lowering and pancreato-protective effects of Abrus Precatorius (L.) leaf extract in normoglycemic and STZ\/nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats","volume":"258","author":"Boye A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of ethnopharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-028604"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.26097"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-015-0447-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","first-page":"154","article-title":"Medical basis of diabetic neuropathy formation (review)","volume":"283","author":"Archvadze A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Georgian Medical News"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-0806"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223769"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.06.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2019.110784"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e03492"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32598\/ijt.14.3.371.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox7060073"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of aqueous extracts of raw and roasted Sesamum indicum L. seeds on key enzymes linked to type-2 diabetes (\u03b1-amylase and \u03b1-glucosidase) and Alzheimer\u2019s disease (acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase)","volume":"12","author":"Talabi J.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Potravinarstvo"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) 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