{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T21:49:17Z","timestamp":1769636957553,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629331200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Immunology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction. Cryptococcosis is a ubiquitous opportunistic fungal disease caused by Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii. It has high global morbidity and mortality among HIV patients and non-HIV carriers with 99% and 95%, respectively. Furthermore, the increasing prevalence of undesired toxicity profile of antifungal, multidrug-resistant organisms and the scarcity of FDA-authorized vaccines were the hallmark in the present days. This study was undertaken to design a reliable epitope-based peptide vaccine through targeting highly conserved immunodominant heat shock 70\u2009kDa protein of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii that covers a considerable digit of the world population through implementing a computational vaccinology approach. Materials and Methods. A total of 38 sequences of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii\u2019s heat shock 70\u2009kDa protein were retrieved from the NCBI protein database. Different prediction tools were used to analyze the aforementioned protein at the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) to discriminate the most promising T-cell and B-cell epitopes. The proposed T-cell epitopes were subjected to the population coverage analysis tool to compute the global population\u2019s coverage. Finally, the T-cell projected epitopes were ranked based on their binding scores and modes using AutoDock Vina software. Results and Discussion. The epitopes (ANYVQASEK, QSEKPKNVNPVI, SEKPKNVNPVI, and EKPKNVNPVI) had shown very strong binding affinity and immunogenic properties to B-cell. (FTQLVAAYL, YVYDTRGKL) and (FFGGKVLNF, FINAQLVDV, and FDYALVQHF) exhibited a very strong binding affinity to MHC-I and MHC-II, respectively, with high population coverage for each, while FYRQGAFEL has shown promising results in terms of its binding profile to MHC-II and MHC-I alleles and good strength of binding when docked with HLA-C<jats:inline-formula><a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><a:mo>\u2217<\/a:mo><\/a:math><\/jats:inline-formula>12:03. In addition, there is massive global population coverage in the three coverage modes. Accordingly, our in silico vaccine is expected to be the future epitope-based peptide vaccine against Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii that covers a significant figure of the entire world citizens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9921620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]],"date-time":"2021-08-23T22:50:06Z","timestamp":1629759006000},"page":"1-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Epitope-Based Immunoinformatic Approach on Heat Shock 70\u2009kDa Protein Complex of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3893-8662","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Reham M.","family":"Elhassan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Africa City of Technology, Khartoum, Sudan"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sudan International University, Khartoum, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3378-4465","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nagla M.","family":"Alsony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Africa City of Technology, Khartoum, Sudan"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Kamlin Ahlia College, Gazira, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4844-1652","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Khadeejah M.","family":"Othman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Africa City of Technology, Khartoum, Sudan"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University for Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Abu Huzaifa Health Center, Khartoum, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1659-8900","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Duaa T.","family":"Izz-Aldin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Africa City of Technology, Khartoum, Sudan"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University for Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7847-4335","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tamadour A.","family":"Alhaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Africa City of Technology, Khartoum, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1835-9957","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abdelrahman A.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Africa City of Technology, Khartoum, Sudan"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Endemic Disease, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Ribat University Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lena A.","family":"Abashir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Africa City of Technology, Khartoum, Sudan"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Fedail Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6208-3452","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Omar H.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Africa City of Technology, Khartoum, Sudan"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gazira, Wad Medany, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed A.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Africa City of Technology, Khartoum, Sudan"},{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics, DETAGEN Genetic Diagnostics Center, Kayseri, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.8.4.515"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-3400280"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a019760"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30243-8"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328322ffac"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/675213"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004261"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.5.1974-1976.2000"},{"key":"9","first-page":"95","article-title":"Antibody and\/or cell-mediated immunity, protective mechanisms in fungal disease: an ongoing dilemma or an unnecessary dispute?","volume":"36","author":"A. 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