{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T07:31:58Z","timestamp":1776411118968,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]],"date-time":"2021-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":202,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Sensors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The modern age is an era of fast\u2010growing technology, all thanks to the Internet of Things. The IoT becomes a prime factor of human life. As in this running world, no one cares about the wastage of food. However, this causes environment pollution as well as loss of many lives. A lot of researchers help in this era by introducing some great and beneficial projects. Our work is introducing a new approach by utilizing some low\u2010cost sensors. In this work, Arduino UNO is used as a microcontroller. We use the eNose system that comprises MQ4 and MQ135 to detect gas emission from different food items, i.e., meat, rice, rice and meat, and bread. We collect our data from these food items. The MQ4 sensor detects the CH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> gas while the MQ135 sensor detects CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and NH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> in this system. We use a 5\u2009kg strain gauge load cell sensor and HX711 A\/D converter as a weight sensor to measure the weight of food being wasted. To ensure the accuracy and efficiency of our system, we first calibrate our sensors as per recommendations to run in the environment with the flow. We collect our data using cooked, uncooked, and rotten food items. To make this system a smart system, we use a machine learning algorithm to predict the food items on the basis of gas emission. The decision tree algorithm was used for training and testing purposes. We use 70 instances of each food item in the dataset. On the rule set, we implement this system working to measure the weight of food wastage and to predict the food item. The Arduino UNO board fetches the sensor data and sends it to the computer system for interpretation and analysis. Then, the machine learning algorithm works to predict the food item. At the end, we get our data of which food item is wasted in what amount in one day. We found 92.65% accuracy in our system. This system helps in reducing the amount of food wastage at home and restaurants as well by the daily report of food wastage in their computer system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9931228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]],"date-time":"2021-07-22T16:50:09Z","timestamp":1626972609000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Smart eNose Food Waste Management System"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8870-3469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shazmina","family":"Gull","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5161-6441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imran Sarwar","family":"Bajwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2374-6951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waheed","family":"Anwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1866-887X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rubina","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","unstructured":"The World Bank What a WAste 2.0 a global snapshot of solid waste management to 2050 May 2020 http:\/\/datatopics.worldbank.org\/what-a-waste\/global_food_loss_and_waste.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","volume-title":"Food Waste and its Consequences","author":"Mughal F. H.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","unstructured":"trvst Why is food waste a global issue 2019 May 2020 https:\/\/www.trvst.world\/inspiration\/why-is-food-waste-a-global-issue\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","unstructured":"The World Counts Global challenges May 2020 https:\/\/www.theworldcounts.com\/challenges\/consumption\/foods-and-beverages\/food-waste-facts."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.02.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/646953"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","first-page":"1699","article-title":"A review on internet of things based garbage bins detection systems","volume":"6","author":"Patil M. V.","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Science and Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","first-page":"414","article-title":"Automation of smart waste management using IoT","volume":"6","author":"Shirke P. S. I.","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5121\/ijcseit.2017.7501"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_2","volume-title":"Advances in Service-Oriented and Cloud Computing. ESOCC 2016. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 707","author":"Giacobbe M.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_2","first-page":"1576","article-title":"IoT based smart garbage and waste collection bin","volume":"5","author":"Navghane S.","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2017.11.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_2","unstructured":"Ostoji\u0107G. StankovskiS. TegeltijaS. \u0110uki\u0107N. andTeji\u0107B. Implementation of IoT for food wastage minimisation XVII International Scientific Conference on Industrial Systems October 2017 Novi Sad Serbia."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IMDS-11-2016-0489"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JainV. eBin: an automated food wastage tracking system for dormitory student\u2032s mess 2016 International Conference on Internet of Things and Applications (IOTA) January 2016 Pune India https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IOTA.2016.7562694 2-s2.0-84988940574.","DOI":"10.1109\/IOTA.2016.7562694"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ElhassanR. AhmedM. A. andAbdAlhalemR. Smart waste management system for crowded area: Makkah and holy sites as a model 2019 4th MEC International Conference on Big Data and Smart City (ICBDSC) January 2019 Muscat Oman https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICBDSC.2019.8645576 2-s2.0-85063212878.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBDSC.2019.8645576"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9040518"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JayalakshmiK. PavithraS. andAarthiC. Waste to wealth\u2014a novel approach for food waste management 2017 IEEE International Conference on Electrical Instrumentation and Communication Engineering (ICEICE) April 2017 Karur India https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICEICE.2017.8191873 2-s2.0-85047181800.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEICE.2017.8191873"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-3935-5_22"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5815\/ijem.2018.04.04"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_2","article-title":"IoT based smart kitchen","volume":"7","author":"Sundarapandiyan M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Science Trends and Technology (IJCST)"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NugrohoF.andPantjawatiA. Automation and monitoring smart kitchen based on Internet of Things (IoT) IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering Volume 384 International Symposium on Materials and Electrical Engineering (ISMEE) 2017 November 2017 Bandung Indonesia https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1757-899X\/384\/1\/012007 2-s2.0-85050476011.","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/384\/1\/012007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_2","first-page":"130","article-title":"Design of an Internet of Things (IoT) network system for kitchen food waste management","volume":"18","author":"Minaam D. S. A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NagarajuT.andShubhamangalaB. R. Artificial intelligence powered smart refrigerator to arrest food wastage 3rd International Conference on Innovative Computing and Communication (ICICC-2020) April 2020 Delhi India https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3565256.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3565256"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_2","first-page":"269","article-title":"Smart kitchen management using IOT technology","volume":"8","author":"Dilip Chopade S.","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RezwanS. AhmedW. MahiaM. A. andIslamM. R. IoT based smart inventory management system for kitchen using weight sensors LDR LED Arduino Mega and NodeMCU (ESP8266) Wi-Fi module with website and app 2018 Fourth International Conference on Advances in Computing Communication & Automation (ICACCA) October 2018 Subang Jaya Malaysia https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICACCAF.2018.8776761 2-s2.0-85070558449.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACCAF.2018.8776761"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KordeN.andThakareA. Smart shelve management system using IoT-a novel approach 2018 3rd International Conference for Convergence in Technology (I2CT) April 2018 Pune India https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/I2CT.2018.8529415 2-s2.0-85058317261.","DOI":"10.1109\/I2CT.2018.8529415"}],"container-title":["Journal of Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/js\/2021\/9931228.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/js\/2021\/9931228.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/2021\/9931228","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T00:54:16Z","timestamp":1722905656000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/2021\/9931228"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Roberto","family":"Paolesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/2021\/9931228"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/9931228","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-725X","1687-7268"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-725X","type":"print"},{"value":"1687-7268","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-03-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-06-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-07-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"9931228"}}