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However, the fog nodes and the cloud servers may suffer from many kinds of attacks on the Internet and become semitrusted, which threatens the security of query processing in the system. In this paper, we investigated the problem of secure, fine-grained spatial-temporal Top-\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\">\n                        <a:mi>k<\/a:mi>\n                      <\/a:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    query in fog-based mobile sensor-cloud systems (FMSCSs) and proposed a novel scheme named STQ-SCS to tackle the problem based on the virtual grid construction and the size-order encryption-binding techniques. STQ-SCS can preserve the privacy of the sensed data items and their scores and make end users verify the completeness of the query results of fine-grained spatial-temporal Top-\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\">\n                        <c:mi>k<\/c:mi>\n                      <\/c:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    queries with a 100% successful rate even if the fog nodes and the cloud servers are not totally trustworthy. Besides the good security performance, simulation results indicate that STQ-SCS is also an efficient scheme that incurs a much lower communication cost than the state-of-the-art schemes on securing fine-grained spatial-temporal Top-\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <e:math xmlns:e=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\">\n                        <e:mi>k<\/e:mi>\n                      <\/e:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    query in FMSCSs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9939796","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]],"date-time":"2021-05-29T15:51:09Z","timestamp":1622303469000},"page":"1-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["STQ-SCS: An Efficient and Secure Scheme for Fine-Grained Spatial-Temporal Top-\n                    <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                      <a:mi>k<\/a:mi>\n                    <\/a:math>\n                    Query in Fog-Based Mobile Sensor-Cloud Systems"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0784-468X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jie","family":"Min","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang 464000, Henan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9328-4919","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Junbin","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Electronics Information, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5608-3640","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xingpo","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Information Technology, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, Henan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2798-5738","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hongling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Polytechnic of Science and Technology, Zhuhai 519090, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9060907","article-title":"An effective edge-assisted data collection approach for critical events in the sdwsn-based agricultural Internet of Things","volume":"9","author":"X. 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