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This study is aimed at evaluating the differences in immune parameters caused by ALX and STZ. T1D was induced either with ALX or with STZ, and the animals were followed for up to 180 days. Both ALX and STZ induced a decrease in the total number of circulating leukocytes and lymphocytes, with an increase in granulocytes when compared to control mice (CT). STZ\u2010treated mice also exhibited an increase in neutrophils and a reduction in the lymphocyte percentage in the bone marrow. In addition, while the STZ\u2010treated group showed a decrease in total CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, CD4<jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, and CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T lymphocytes in the thymus and CD19<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> B lymphocytes in the pancreas and spleen, the ALX group showed an increase in CD4<jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CD19<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> only in the thymus. Basal levels of splenic interleukin\u2010 (IL\u2010) 1<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> and pancreatic IL\u20106 in the STZ group were decreased. Both diabetic groups showed atrophy of the thymic medulla and degeneration of pancreatic islets of Langerhans composed of inflammatory infiltration and hyperemia with vasodilation. ALX\u2010treated mice showed a decrease in reticuloendothelial cells, enhanced lymphocyte\/thymocyte cell death, and increased number of Hassall\u2019s corpuscles. Reduced <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> activation of splenic lymphocytes was found in the STZ\u2010treated group. Furthermore, mice immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) showed a more intense antigen\u2010specific paw edema response in the STZ\u2010treated group, while production of anti\u2010OVA IgG1 antibodies was similar in both groups. Thereby, important changes in immune cell parameters <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> were found at an early stage of T1D in the STZ\u2010treated group, whereas alterations in the ALX\u2010treated group were mostly found in the chronic phase of T1D, including increased mortality rates. These findings suggest that the effects of ALX and STZ influenced, at different times, lymphoid organs and their cell populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9940009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]],"date-time":"2021-10-19T20:46:18Z","timestamp":1634676378000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Endangered Lymphocytes: The Effects of Alloxan and Streptozotocin on Immune Cells in Type 1 Induced Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3560-3963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiz A. 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