{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T01:36:39Z","timestamp":1784684199068,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]],"date-time":"2021-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":160,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003970","name":"Isfahan University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["398353"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["398353"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003970","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Introduction<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>Proteus mirabilis<\/jats:italic> is a biofilm\u2010forming agent that quickly settles on the urinary catheters and causing catheter\u2010associated urinary tract infections. Thus, the spread of multidrug\u2010resistant <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic> isolates, with the ability to form a biofilm that carries integron, extended\u2010spectrum <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2010lactamases (ESBLs), and plasmid\u2010mediated colistin resistance genes (<jats:italic>mcr<\/jats:italic>), represents a severe threat to managing nosocomial infectious diseases. This study is aimed at surveying the prevalence of ESBL, integrase, and <jats:italic>mcr<\/jats:italic> genes of <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>, isolated from the catheter, to assess the differences in their antimicrobial susceptibility and clonal dissemination. <jats:italic>Method<\/jats:italic>. Microtiter plate assay was adopted to measure biofilm formation. The antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed by the disk diffusion method. Antimicrobial resistance genes (<jats:italic>intI1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>intI2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>intI3<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>CTX-M<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>SHV<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>mcr1<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>mcr2<\/jats:italic>) were detected by PCR. All of the isolates were characterized by repetitive sequence\u2010based PCR. <jats:italic>Result<\/jats:italic>. From 385 collected catheters in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), 40 <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic> were isolated. All of the isolates could form a biofilm. <jats:italic>Proteus<\/jats:italic> spp. had intrinsic resistance to tetracycline (95%) and nitrofurantoin (92.5%), which explains the high resistance prevalence. The most widely resistant antibiotic was trimethoprim\u2010sulfamethoxazole (75%). Thirty\u2010three (82.5%) isolates were classified as multidrug resistance (MDR). The prevalence of <jats:italic>intI1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>intI2<\/jats:italic> genes was 60% and 25%, respectively. In 6 (15%) isolates, both genes were detected. The most frequent ESBL gene detected in all of the isolates was <jats:italic>bla<jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>. Also, no detection for <jats:italic>mcr1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>mcr2<\/jats:italic> antibiotic resistance genes was reported. Rep\u2010PCR identified 39(GTG)5 types (G1\u2013G39) of 40 isolates that 38 isolates had unique patterns. <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. In this study, 82.5% of isolates were MDR with high antibiotic resistance to trimethoprim\u2010sulfamethoxazole. The <jats:italic>intI1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub> were the most prevalent genes in the integrase and ESBL gene family. High diversity was seen in the isolates with Rep\u2010PCR. The increasing rate of MDR isolates with a high prevalence of resistance genes could be alarming and demonstrate the need for hygienic procedures to prevent the increased antibiotic resistance rate in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9952769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T00:02:10Z","timestamp":1623369730000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["From the Urinary Catheter to the Prevalence of Three Classes of Integrons, <i>\u03b2<\/i>\u2010Lactamase Genes, and Differences in Antimicrobial Susceptibility of <i>Proteus mirabilis<\/i> and Clonal Relatedness with Rep\u2010PCR"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4142-4657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arezoo","family":"Mirzaei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3264-3361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bahram","family":"Nasr Esfahani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7937-8350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abbasali","family":"Raz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6446-4734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa","family":"Ghanadian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7134-3145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharareh","family":"Moghim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_2","volume-title":"Proteus mirabilis infections","author":"Jamil R. 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