{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T08:09:15Z","timestamp":1767168555899,"version":"build-2238731810"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]],"date-time":"2021-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":297,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The study aimed to investigate the effect of erdosteine on middle ear effusion in rats through mediating the Toll\u2010like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway. Rats were injected with endotoxin to prepare the model of acute secretory otitis media (SOM). Then, they were divided into an acute SOM model group (model group,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 15) and erdosteine treatment group (18\u2009mg\/kg, gavage, treatment group,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 15). Besides, a normal group (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 15) was set up. Two weeks later, routine biochemical indicators such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were detected. The inflammatory effusion due to otitis media was scored. The content of myeloperoxidase (MPO), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), and tumor necrosis factor\u2010beta (TNF\u2010\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) in middle ear lavage fluid was detected via enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Additionally, histomorphological changes were observed with the help of hematoxylin\u2010eosin (HE) staining, and quantitative reverse transcription\u2010polymerase chain reaction (qRT\u2010PCR) and Western blotting assays were carried out to measure the expression levels of TLR4 pathway genes and proteins as well as the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression levels of key factors for otitis media (mucin 2 (MUC2) and MUC5A). In the model group, the levels of AST, ALP, and glutamic\u2010pyruvic transaminase (GPT) were significantly increased (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05). Besides, the content of MPO, MMP, and TNF\u2010\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    was overtly raised in the model group (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05), while it was notably lowered in the treatment group (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05). In the treatment group, the cilia were slightly swollen, and inflammatory cells were fewer. The mRNA levels of MUC2, MUC5A, and pathway genes TLR4 and c\u2010Jun N\u2010terminal kinase (JNK) were elevated in the model group. In addition, the protein assay results revealed that the protein levels of TLR4 and JNK were evidently increased in the model group. Erdosteine can treat the middle ear effusion in rats by repressing the activation of the TLR4 signaling pathway.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9968907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]],"date-time":"2021-10-25T22:05:05Z","timestamp":1635199505000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["[Retracted] Effect of Erdosteine on Middle Ear Effusion in Rats by Mediating TLR4 Signaling 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