{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T22:31:02Z","timestamp":1782772262170,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":189,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002338","name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CRKL190104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRKL190104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002338","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013091","name":"Science and Technology Major Project of Guangxi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AA18118039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AA18118039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013091","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, the public\u2019s demand for location services has increased significantly. As outdoor positioning has matured, indoor positioning has become a focus area for researchers. Various indoor positioning methods have emerged. Pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) has become a research hotspot since it does not require a positioning infrastructure. An integral equation is used in PDR positioning; thus, errors accumulate during long\u2010term operation. To eliminate the accumulated errors in PDR localisation, this paper proposes a PDR localisation system applied to complex scenarios with multiple buildings and large areas. The system is based on the pedestrian movement behavior recognition algorithm proposed in this paper, which recognises the behavior of pedestrians for each gait and improves the stride length estimation for PDR localisation based on the recognition results to reduce the accumulation of errors in the PDR localisation algorithm itself. At the same time, the system uses self\u2010researched hardware to modify the audio equipment used for broadcasting within the indoor environment, to locate the acoustic source through a Hamming distance\u2010based localisation algorithm, and to correct the estimated acoustic source estimated location based on the known source location in order to eliminate the accumulated error in PDR localisation. Through analysis and experimental verification, the recognition accuracy of pedestrian movement behavior recognition proposed in this paper reaches 95% and the acoustic source localisation accuracy of 0.32\u2009m during movement, thus, producing an excellent effect on eliminating the cumulative error of PDR localisation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9981802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T19:50:24Z","timestamp":1625860224000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Indoor PDR Positioning Assisted by Acoustic Source Localization, and Pedestrian Movement Behavior Recognition, Using a Dual\u2010Microphone Smartphone"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"given":"Mei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0287-9875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zou","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6432-0623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2772-8256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongbing","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaopeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoli","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","volume-title":"A-Gps: Assisted Gps, Gnss, and Sbas","author":"Van Diggelen F.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","unstructured":"Stage 2 functional specification of user equipment (UE) positioning in E- UTRAN 3GPP TS 36.305 version 10.0.0."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2911558"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MurataM. AhmetovicD. SatoD. TakagiH. KitaniK. M. andAsakawaC. Smartphone-based indoor localization for blind navigation across building complexes 2018 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom) 2018 Athens Greece 1\u201310 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/PERCOM.2018.8444593 2-s2.0-85051055778.","DOI":"10.1109\/PERCOM.2018.8444593"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nezA. R.andSecoF. Comparing Decawave and Bespoon UWB location systems: indoor\/outdoor performance analysis 2016 international conference on indoor positioning and indoor navigation (IPIN) 2016 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares Spain 1\u20138 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IPIN.2016.7743686 2-s2.0-85003972535.","DOI":"10.1109\/IPIN.2016.7743686"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app9204379"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","volume-title":"Dead Reckoning Navigational System Using Accelerometer to Measure Foot Impacts","author":"Levi R. W.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","unstructured":"ZhuangS. Real-Time Indoor Location Tracking in Construction Site Using BLE Beacon Trilateration 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3039394"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3045189"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ShiG. ZouiY. JinY. ZhengY. andLiW. J. Multi-category human motion recognition based on MEMS inertial sensing data 2009 4th IEEE international conference on Nano\/micro engineered and molecular systems 2009 489\u2013493 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/NEMS.2009.5068625 2-s2.0-70349662639.","DOI":"10.1109\/NEMS.2009.5068625"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LiG. ZhangL. LinF. ChenM. andWangZ. SAILoc: a novel acoustic single array system for indoor localization 2017 9th international conference on wireless communications and signal processing (WCSP) 2017 Nanjing China 1\u20136 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/WCSP.2017.8171099 2-s2.0-85046431845.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCSP.2017.8171099"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.2989411"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6501\/ab87ea"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2016.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.2989865"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s18061811"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.2985025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2382568"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AlzantotM.andYoussefM. UPTIME: ubiquitous pedestrian tracking using mobile phones 2012 IEEE wireless communications and networking conference (WCNC) 2012 Sydney Australia 3204\u20133209 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/WCNC.2012.6214359 2-s2.0-84864331687.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2012.6214359"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ChoD.-K. MunM. LeeU. KaiserW. J. andGerlaM. Autogait: a mobile platform that accurately estimates the distance walked 2010 IEEE international conference on pervasive computing and communications (PerCom) 2010 Mannheim Germany 116\u2013124 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/PERCOM.2010.5466984.","DOI":"10.1109\/PERCOM.2010.5466984"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s120708507"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_2","first-page":"175","article-title":"Step counting using smartphone accelerometer and fast fourier transform","volume":"8","author":"DIrican A. C.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MohssenN. MomtazR. AlyH. andYoussefM. It\u2032s the human that matters: accurate user orientation estimation for mobile computing applications Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Computing Networking and Services. ICST (Institute for Computer Sciences Social-Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering) 2014 70\u201379 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4108\/icst.mobiquitous.2014.257920 2-s2.0-84924301737.","DOI":"10.4108\/icst.mobiquitous.2014.257920"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s100201154"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2010.04.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00f6flingerF. ZhangR. HoppeJ. BannouraA. ReindlL. M. WendebergJ. B\u00fchrerM. andSchindelhauerC. Acoustic self-calibrating system for indoor smartphone tracking (assist) 2012 international conference on indoor positioning and indoor navigation (IPIN) 2012 Sydney Australia 1\u20139 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IPIN.2012.6418877 2-s2.0-84874260189.","DOI":"10.1109\/IPIN.2012.6418877"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2015.2451628"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2018.2844942"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JinN. ZhouX. WangZ. LiuY. andWangL. Robust sequence-based localization in acoustic sensor networks 2018 IEEE international conference on acoustics speech and signal processing (ICASSP) 2018 Calgary AB Canada 3809\u20133813 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICASSP.2018.8461945 2-s2.0-85054269946.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2018.8461945"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JinN. ZhouX. LinC. WangL. LiuY. WymoreM. L. andQiaoD. ThunderLoc: smartphone-based crowdsensing for thunder localization 2018 15th annual IEEE international conference on sensing communication and networking (SECON) 2018 HongKong China 1\u20132 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SAHCN.2018.8397150 2-s2.0-85050213087.","DOI":"10.1109\/SAHCN.2018.8397150"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ZhouZ. DuanN. LiT. YeM. ZhengF. ZhangG. WangR. andWangK. Human moving behavior recognition based on the DS evidence theory and SVM utilizing smartphone 2020 IEEE Intl Conf on dependable autonomic and secure computing Intl Conf on pervasive intelligence and computing Intl Conf on cloud and big data computing Intl Conf on cyber science and technology congress (DASC\/PiCom\/CBDCom\/nnnnnSciTech) 2020 Calgary AB Canada 277\u2013283 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/DASC-PICom-CBDCom-CyberSciTech49142.2020.00056.","DOI":"10.1109\/DASC-PICom-CBDCom-CyberSciTech49142.2020.00056"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/mi8070225"}],"container-title":["Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/wcmc\/2021\/9981802.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/wcmc\/2021\/9981802.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/2021\/9981802","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T10:06:26Z","timestamp":1723025186000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/2021\/9981802"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Peng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/2021\/9981802"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/9981802","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-8669","1530-8677"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-8669","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8677","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-03-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-06-15","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-07-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"9981802"}}