{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T07:12:25Z","timestamp":1784013145760,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637625600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["287959"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["287959"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["13\/16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13\/16"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery","award":["287959"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["287959"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery","award":["13\/16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13\/16"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Neonicotinoids are pesticides that act as agonists of nicotinic receptors for acetylcholine in insects\u2019 central nervous system (CNS). Chronic exposure to neonicotinoids in humans is related to autism, memory loss, and finger tremor. In this article, we evaluate the effect of subchronic oral administration of two neonicotinoids in the same mixture: clothianidin and thiacloprid. Decreasing doses of both pesticides were administered to rats starting from the lethal dose 50 (LD50) reported by the manufacturer. Our results indicate that the administration of three doses of decreasing amounts of LD50 (5\/10, 4\/10, and 3\/10 LD50) resulted in 100% death in all cases. Ten administration times of 2\/10 LD50 of the mixture caused only 20% of death cases after twenty-seven days, which was determined as a subchronic administration scheme. The animals administered 2\/10 LD50 showed behavioral alterations after the first and second administration. Electrographic studies showed abnormal discharge patterns in the CNS. 72\u2009h after the tenth dose, learning and memory tests were performed in the Morris water maze. Our results revealed significant decreases in permanence at the quadrant and the number of crosses (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mi>P<\/a:mi>\n                        <a:mo>=<\/a:mo>\n                        <a:mn>0.0447<\/a:mn>\n                        <a:mo>,<\/a:mo>\n                        <a:mtext>\u2009<\/a:mtext>\n                        <a:mi>P<\/a:mi>\n                        <a:mo>=<\/a:mo>\n                        <a:mn>0.0193<\/a:mn>\n                     <\/a:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>, respectively), which represent alterations in the short-term memory test, but there were no significant changes in a long-term memory test. Likewise, the brains of these animals showed tissue architecture loss, nucleosomal retraction, and a significant increase in the pycnosis of the granular neurons of the dentate gyrus analyzed at 72\u2009h after the last dose (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\">\n                        <c:mi>P<\/c:mi>\n                        <c:mo>=<\/c:mo>\n                        <c:mn>0.0125<\/c:mn>\n                     <\/c:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>). Toxic effects and cognitive deterioration that have been found in communities living near contaminated areas are probably related to the agricultural use of neonicotinoids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9983201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T21:20:25Z","timestamp":1637702425000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Clothianidin and Thiacloprid Mixture Administration Induces Degenerative Damage in the Dentate Gyrus and Alteration in Short-Term Memory in Rats"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3988-4312","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alejandra","family":"Mora-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Neuroqu\u00edmica, Instituto Nacional de Neurolog\u00eda y Neurocirug\u00eda, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3428-3179","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jorge","family":"Guevara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4775-5043","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carmen","family":"Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Neurofisiolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de Neurolog\u00eda y Neurocirug\u00eda, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4652-1835","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Minerva","family":"Calvillo-Velasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Neurolog\u00eda y Neurocirug\u00eda, 14269 Ciudad de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4679-5182","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniela","family":"Silva-Adaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Neurolog\u00eda y Neurocirug\u00eda, 14269 Ciudad de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6360-8871","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Socorro","family":"Retana-M\u00e1rquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda de la Reproducci\u00f3n, Laboratorio R012, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 09340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0215-8421","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Blanca","family":"Espinosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, ICV, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1784-9986","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carmen","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Valenzuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ambiente y Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Occidente, Los Mochis, SIN, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9236-0609","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mois\u00e9s","family":"Rubio-Osornio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Neuroqu\u00edmica, Instituto Nacional de Neurolog\u00eda y Neurocirug\u00eda, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/612647"},{"key":"2","volume-title":"Cat\u00e1logo de Plaguicidas","author":"COFEPRIS","year":"2010"},{"issue":"174","key":"3","article-title":"Pesticide use practices and perceptions of vegetable farmers in the cocoa belts of the Ashanti and western regions of Ghana","volume":"3","author":"V. 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