{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T17:36:32Z","timestamp":1792690592438,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011615","name":"University of Ruhuna","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011615","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction. Medicinal utility of lichens is ascribed to the presence of various secondary metabolites of low molecular weight and they have been used in traditional medicine including Ayurveda in the treatment of wounds and skin disorders. Despite the urgent need to effectively address the antibiotic resistance worldwide, the discovery of new antibacterial drugs has declined in the recent past. This emphasizes the increasing importance of investigating and developing new classes of antibiotics that can withstand antibiotic resistance. Aims of the study. The present study was conducted to investigate the chemical composition and the antibacterial activity of hexane, ethanol, and aqueous extracts of Parmotrema rampoddense and Parmotrema tinctorum, two lichens collected from Belihuloya, Sri Lanka, against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria including twenty clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Materials and methods. Phytochemical analysis, thin layer chromatography (TLC), and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) were performed to determine the chemical composition of the two lichens. Hexane, ethanol, and aqueous extracts of both lichens were tested against clinical isolate of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria including twenty clinical isolates of MRSA. Bacterial susceptibility was tested using a disc diffusion assay. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by a broth microdilution method. Vancomycin was used as the positive control. Results. Alectorialic acid, atranorin, atraric acid, orcinol, and O-orsellinaldehyde were among the secondary metabolites identified by the TLC and GC-MS analysis. None of the lichen extracts were active against Gram-negative bacteria but both lichens showed a concentration-dependent activity against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and MRSA. Ethanol extract of P. rampoddense showed the highest activity against MSSA with the MIC, 0.0192\u2009mg\/ml, but all MRSA isolates investigated showed MIC between 0.096 and 2.4\u2009mg\/ml for the same extract. Conclusion. Both lichens, P. rampoddense and P. tinctorum, represent potentially important sources of future antimicrobial drugs. Further investigation on the ethanol extract of P. rampoddense will enable us to determine the most active phytoconstituents responsible for the activity, their mechanism of action against bacterial pathogens, and also their cytotoxicity against normal cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9985325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T18:02:02Z","timestamp":1622656922000},"page":"1-18","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Two Sri Lankan Lichens, Parmotrema rampoddense, and Parmotrema tinctorum against Methicillin-Sensitive and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"given":"Polwatta Samaraweera Arachchige Ishara","family":"Shiromi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6349-4755","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ruwani Punyakanthi","family":"Hewawasam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8258-2873","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rankoth Gedara Udeni","family":"Jayalal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1994-571X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hasanga","family":"Rathnayake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8330-3597","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Weerasinghe Mudiyanselage Dilip Gaya Bandara","family":"Wijayaratne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7944-0954","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dakshika","family":"Wanniarachchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instrument Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/595011"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/431892a"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-957070"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2015.12.041"},{"key":"5","first-page":"340","article-title":"The national red list 2012 of Sri Lanka","volume-title":"Conservation Status of the Fauna and Flora","author":"S. 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