{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T05:39:47Z","timestamp":1783143587435,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":194,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002402","name":"Sun Yat-sen University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["cvclab201901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cvclab201901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002402","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N172008008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N172008008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N181906001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N181906001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61374015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61374015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61773110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61773110"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Sensors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) can be used for noncontact and continuous measurement of the heart rate (HR). Currently, the main factors affecting the accuracy and robustness of rPPG\u2010based HR measurement methods are the subject\u2019s skin tone, body movement, exercise recovery, and variable or inadequate illumination. In response to these challenges, this study is aimed at investigating a rPPG\u2010based HR measurement method that is effective under a wide range of conditions by only using a webcam. We propose a new approach, which combines joint blind source separation (JBSS) and a projection process based on a skin reflection model, so as to eliminate the interference of background illumination and enhance the extraction of pulse rate information. Three datasets derived from subjects with different skin tones considering six environmental scenarios are used to validate the proposed method against three other state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art methods. The results show that the proposed method can provide more accurate and robust HR measurement for all three datasets and is therefore more applicable to a wide range of scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9995871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]],"date-time":"2021-07-15T02:35:08Z","timestamp":1626316508000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Noncontact Heart Rate Measurement Using a Webcam, Based on Joint Blind Source Separation and a Skin Reflection Model: For a Wide Range of Imaging Conditions"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"given":"Boyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hengkang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8360-3605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisheng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1579-2333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3868-0593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yudong","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8471-7070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen E.","family":"Greenwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.33.2.622"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2014.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2015.2476337"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/20.908355"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.16.021434"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3602852"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2006.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.010762"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.18.6.061205"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11704-016-6243-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2013.2266196"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2017.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PilzC. S. KrajewskiJ. andBlazekV. On the diffusion process for heart rate estimation from face videos under realistic conditions German Conference on Pattern Recognition 2017 Cham Springer 361\u2013373 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-66709-6_29 2-s2.0-85029580926.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-66709-6_29"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_2","unstructured":"LewandowskaM. RuminskiJ. KocejkoT. andNowakJ. Measuring pulse rate with a webcam - a non-contact method for evaluating cardiac activity Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems - FedCSIS 2011 Szczecin Poland 18\u201321."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2016.2615472"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-016-0300-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2018.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2019.103535"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2016.2609282"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PilzC. S. ZaunsederS. KrajewskiJ. andBlazekV. Local group invariance for heart rate estimation from face videos in the wild The IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) Workshops 2018 Salt Lake City USA https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPRW.2018.00172 2-s2.0-85060863690.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2018.00172"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/ab2c9f"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PilzC. MakhloufI. BlazekV. andLeonhardtS. On the vector space in photoplethysmography imaging The IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) Workshops 2019 Seoul South Korea https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCVW.2019.00197.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2019.00197"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2013.2291900"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ChenW.andMcduffD. DeepPhys: video-based physiological measurement using convolutional attention networks European Conference on Computer Vision ECCV 2018 Munich Germany https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-01216-8_22 2-s2.0-85055449218.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01216-8_22"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_2","unstructured":"Centre for Research Data Public benchmark dataset for testing rPPG algorithm performance 2019 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4121\/uuid:2ac74fbd-2276-44ad-aff1-2f68972b7b51."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ViolaP. A.andJonesM. J. Rapid object detection using a boosted cascade of simple features Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 2001 USA https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR.2001.990517.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2001.990517"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00129684"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.20.4.048002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2011.2181836"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KimT. EltoftT. andLeeT. W. Independent vector analysis: an extension of ICA to multivariate components International conference on independent component analysis and signal separation 2006 Berlin Heidelberg Springer 165\u2013172.","DOI":"10.1007\/11679363_21"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116872"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MartinezL. F. C. PaezG. andStrojnikM. Optimal wavelength selection for non-contact reflection photoplethysmography 8011 proceedings of SPIE 22nd congress of the International Commission for Optics: Light for the Development of the World 2011 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/12.903190 2-s2.0-84858429403.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.903190"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LinY. C.andLinY. H. A study of colour illumination effect on the SNR of rPPG signals IEEE. Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) 2017 Seogwipo South Korea 4301\u20134304 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EMBC.2017.8037807 2-s2.0-85032184394.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2017.8037807"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_2","first-page":"82","article-title":"A review of statistical outlier methods","volume":"30","author":"Walfish S.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmaceutical Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0022-202x.2001.01577.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2944906"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2866689"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.2973579"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-019-01104-7"}],"container-title":["Journal of Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/js\/2021\/9995871.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/js\/2021\/9995871.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/2021\/9995871","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T01:10:57Z","timestamp":1722906657000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/2021\/9995871"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Carlos","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/2021\/9995871"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/9995871","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-725X","1687-7268"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-725X","type":"print"},{"value":"1687-7268","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-03-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-06-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-07-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"9995871"}}