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This paper studies the urban distribution optimization model considering both time\u2010varying network factors and carbon emission factors and constructs the single period time\u2010varying network urban distribution optimization model and cross\u2010period time\u2010varying network urban distribution optimization model. In this paper, the time\u2010varying network in urban distribution is mathematically described and calculated. By considering the carbon penalty rate, the distribution optimization model is analyzed to formulate the optimal urban distribution scheme for enterprises. An improved variable neighborhood search (VNS) heuristic algorithm is designed to solve the model. The numerical example demonstrates that the higher the carbon emission cost, the greater the carbon penalty rate. When the carbon emission cost increases by 50%, the total cost of the distribution scheme considering carbon emission is saved by 1.21%. The numerical analysis also finds that only when the unit carbon emission cost is higher than 2.937, the carbon penalty rate will stimulate enterprises to reduce emissions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1013861","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]],"date-time":"2022-06-03T18:50:17Z","timestamp":1654282217000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Considering the Carbon Penalty Rates to Optimize the Urban Distribution Model in Time\u2010Varying Network"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5876-217X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Ji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6535-633X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shoufeng","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5886-3456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tingting","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2012.12.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2019.02.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2019.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2019.104535"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2019.102219"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amc.2020.125072"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.120627"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2021.105925"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2012.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2013.11.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2016.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su8030211"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2021.105925"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2015.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2016.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15010086"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.119086"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2020.106892"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2313698"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_2","unstructured":"AkcelikR.andBesleyB. 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