{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:52:54Z","timestamp":1792806774179,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662681600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009647","name":"University Grants Commission- Nepal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FRG-73\/74-HS-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRG-73\/74-HS-04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009647","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Endocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Objective. To estimate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the eastern part of Nepal and identify the sociodemographic factors associated with it. Methods. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 324 participants between the ages 18 and 65 years from the Sunsari and Morang districts of Nepal. A semi-structured questionnaire helped obtain sociodemographic data followed by anthropometric measurements and blood sampling. 25(OH)D level was measured by chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) via a fully automated Maglumi 1000 analyzer (SNIBE Co., Ltd., China). Serum 25(OH)D was classified as deficient, insufficient, and sufficient (&lt;20\u2009ng\/ml, 20\u201329\u2009ng\/ml, and 30\u2013100\u2009ng\/ml, respectively). The chi-square test was used to analyze the sociodemographic variables followed by a post hoc analysis. Significant variables were subjected to multivariate logistic regression. Result. 181(55.9%) of the study population had vitamin D deficiency. There was significant association between vitamin D status and time of maximum sun exposure (chi square test\u2009=\u200911.1,\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mi>p<\/a:mi>\n                        <a:mo>=<\/a:mo>\n                        <a:mn>0.02<\/a:mn>\n                      <\/a:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ), duration of sun exposure (chi-square test\u2009=\u200915.1,\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\">\n                        <c:mi>p<\/c:mi>\n                        <c:mo>=<\/c:mo>\n                        <c:mn>0.004<\/c:mn>\n                      <\/c:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ), type of meat intake (Fisher\u2019s exact test is 16.4,\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <e:math xmlns:e=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\">\n                        <e:mi>p<\/e:mi>\n                        <e:mo>=<\/e:mo>\n                        <e:mn>0.01<\/e:mn>\n                      <\/e:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ), frequency of fish intake (Fisher\u2019s exact test is 19.3,\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <g:math xmlns:g=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\">\n                        <g:mi>p<\/g:mi>\n                        <g:mo>=<\/g:mo>\n                        <g:mn>0.001<\/g:mn>\n                      <\/g:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ), and frequency of dairy intake (chi-square test=11.2,\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <i:math xmlns:i=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\">\n                        <i:mi>p<\/i:mi>\n                        <i:mo>=<\/i:mo>\n                        <i:mn>0.02<\/i:mn>\n                      <\/i:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ). In multivariate regression, consumption of dairy products \u22653\/week had lower OR (95% CI) (0.3(0.1\u20130.8)\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <k:math xmlns:k=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\">\n                        <k:mi>p<\/k:mi>\n                        <k:mo>:<\/k:mo>\n                        <k:mn>0.02<\/k:mn>\n                      <\/k:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ) and weekly fish consumption had lower OR (95% CI) (0.06(0.008\u20130.6)\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <m:math xmlns:m=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M7\">\n                        <m:mi>p<\/m:mi>\n                        <m:mo>:<\/m:mo>\n                        <m:mn>0.01<\/m:mn>\n                      <\/m:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ) for vitamin D deficiency. Conclusion. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was relatively high in eastern Nepal. This highlights the need to create public awareness regarding the importance of bare skin sun exposure, nutritional sources of vitamin D, and the need to implement food fortification policies by the government.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1063163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T17:50:19Z","timestamp":1662745819000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Epidemiology and Determinants of Vitamin D Deficiency in Eastern Nepal: A Community-Based, Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7400-714X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"O.","family":"Sherchand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Nepal Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0673-7017","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"J. K.","family":"Baranwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7889-871X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"B.","family":"Gelal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3126\/jcmsn.v15i2.23483"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.55530\/ijmbiosnepal.v1i2.10"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-009-0954-6"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.06.018"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.24494"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-519"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-67-2-373"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1918"},{"key":"9","volume-title":"Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin D-Fact Sheet for Health Professionals","author":"NIH"},{"key":"10","volume-title":"Nepal: Nutrition Profile","author":"U. S. 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Sherchand","year":"2022"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ije\/2022\/1063163.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ije\/2022\/1063163.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ije\/2022\/1063163.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T17:50:24Z","timestamp":1662745824000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/ije\/2022\/1063163\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Coperchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"references-count":28,"alternative-id":["1063163","1063163"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/1063163","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2022.05.10.22274787","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1687-8345","1687-8337"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-8345","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1687-8337","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]}}}