{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:55:24Z","timestamp":1787237724476,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,26]],"date-time":"2022-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672012800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Endocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We review the literature on the little-known roles of specific CaMKs in regulating endocrine functions of the pineal gland, the pituitary gland, and the hypothalamus. Melatonin activates hippocampal CaMKII, which then influences dendritogenesis. In the pituitary gland, the signal pathways activated by the CaMK in lower vertebrates, such as fishes, differ from those of mammals. In the teleost anterior pituitary, the activation of CaMKII induces the expression of somatolactin by glucagon b. In rats and humans, CaMKIVs have been associated with gonadotropes and thyrotropes and CaMKII with several types of human tumor cells and with a specific signaling pathway. Neuropeptides such as vasopressin and endothelin are also involved in the CaMKII signaling chain, as is the CaMKII\u03b4 isoform which participates in generating the circadian rhythms of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. What arises from this review is that most of the hypothalamic CaMKs are involved in activities of the endocrine brain. Furthermore, among the CaMKs, type II occurs with the highest frequency followed by CaMKIV and CaMKI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1103346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,26]],"date-time":"2022-12-26T12:20:06Z","timestamp":1672057206000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Calcium\/Calmodulin-Dependent Kinases in the Hypothalamus, Pituitary, and Pineal Gland: An Overview"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4767-2771","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Cimini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, \u201cFederico II\u201d University of Naples, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9202-600X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Susan","family":"Van Noorden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histopathology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5422-4737","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cristina","family":"Terlizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, \u201cFederico II\u201d University of Naples, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2211-9005","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Giovanna Giuseppina","family":"Altobelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, \u201cFederico II\u201d University of Naples, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R116.735894"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35036035"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20014091074183"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2014.00003"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(93)90504-e"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.03.029"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.11.028"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.41.1.471"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20020228"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.028449.112"},{"key":"11","first-page":"27","article-title":"The GeneCards suite chapter","volume-title":"Practical Guide to Life Science Databases","author":"M. 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