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However, overcoming immune tolerance and immunosuppression in the tumour microenvironment (TME) is still a great challenge. Recent studies have shown that Rose Bengal (RB) can effectively induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) in cancer cells, presenting whole tumour antigens for DC processing and presentation. However, the synergistic antitumour effect of combining intralesional RB with immature DCs (RB-iDCs) remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated whether RB-iDCs have superior antitumour effects compared with either single agent and evaluated the immunological mechanism of RB-iDCs in a murine lung cancer model. The results showed that intralesional RB-iDCs suppressed subcutaneous tumour growth and lung metastasis, which resulted in 100% mouse survival and significantly increased TNF-\u03b1 production by CD8+ T cells. These effects were closely related to the induction of the expression of distinct ICD hallmarks by RB in both bulk cancer cells and cancer stem cells (CSCs), especially calreticulin (CRT), thus enhancing immune effector cell (i.e., CD4+, CD8+, and memory T cells) infiltration and attenuating the accumulation of immunosuppressive cells (i.e., Tregs, macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs)) in the TME. This study reveals that the RB-iDC vaccine can synergistically destroy the primary tumour, inhibit distant metastasis, and prevent tumour relapse in a lung cancer mouse model, which provides important preclinical data for the development of a novel combinatorial immunotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1178874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]],"date-time":"2022-02-02T05:50:08Z","timestamp":1643781008000},"page":"1-17","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Novel In Situ Dendritic Cell Vaccine Triggered by Rose Bengal Enhances Adaptive Antitumour Immunity"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"given":"Lanlin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China"},{"name":"Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiangyuan","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai TCM-Integrated Institute of Vascular Anomalies, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China"},{"name":"Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chufan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China"},{"name":"Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6914-1598","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xianghua","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China"},{"name":"Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106247"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7060151"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2018.6499"},{"issue":"9","key":"5","first-page":"1689","article-title":"Multimodal detection of PD-L1: reasonable biomarkers for immune checkpoint inhibitor","volume":"8","author":"Q. 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