{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:40:17Z","timestamp":1792629617666,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":282,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic> This study is aimed at investigating the pattern of change occurring in respiratory pathogens before and after the outbreak of COVID\u201019, a type of viral pneumonia for which a pandemic was declared (March 2020). The results were analyzed by gender and age to identify the association between personal hygiene and prevention of infection by respiratory pathogens. <jats:italic>Methods.<\/jats:italic> A retrospective analysis was performed on 39,814 sputum, bronchial aspirate, and transtracheal aspirate samples obtained from 15,398 patients visiting a university hospital, located in Chungcheongnam\u2010do, South Korea, between January 2018 and December 2021. From 4,454 patients whose samples were culture positive for bacteria, 6,389 strains were isolated and further cultured. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. The mean age of the outpatients with respiratory pathogens was 66.2 years, and the comparison of the culture test results by gender showed that 64.9% (2,892\/4,454) were male and 35.1% (1,562\/4,454) were female. Compared to the pre\u2010COVID\u201019 pandemic period, the number of outpatients with a request for respiratory microbial cultures after the onset of the pandemic was reduced by 20.7% and the number of outpatients with a positive culture result was reduced by 23.0%. The number of respiratory samples received was reduced by 6.7% after the pandemic, while the sample positive rate was reduced by 18.3%. Among the isolated microbial strains, there was a significant decrease of 43.1% for the <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic> complex, 60.5% for <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, 67.2% for <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>, and 78.1% for <jats:italic>Moraxella catarrhalis<\/jats:italic> when compared with pre\u2010COVID\u201019 levels. The distribution of respiratory microbial strains by age group showed that the highest percentage of isolated strains was in patients in their 70s. <jats:italic>Conclusions.<\/jats:italic> The improvements in personal hygiene due to the COVID\u201019 pandemic exerted a substantial influence on the pattern of change in other common respiratory microorganisms, which highlights the importance of personal hygiene management in the prevention of respiratory infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1324052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T21:05:06Z","timestamp":1665435906000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Changes in Respiratory Pathogens before and after the COVID\u201019 Pandemic (2018\u20132021)"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5540-0576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ki 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