{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T13:16:42Z","timestamp":1785244602205,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648425600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is persistently increasing globally creating a serious public health affliction. Diabetes mellitus is categorized into two major types designated as type I and Type II. Type I diabetes mellitus is characterized by complete lack of secretion of insulin, while Type II diabetes mellitus is the resistance of peripheral tissues to the action of insulin and inadequate compensatory secretion of insulin. Chronic hyperglycemia associated with diabetes causes failure of cardiovascular system, nervous system, kidneys, and eyes. At present, different types of drugs are used for the management of diabetes, but each of them is associated with more or less serious side effects. Therefore, we need to develop new therapeutic agents that have better efficacy and safety profile. In this study, three ketone derivatives of succinimides were synthesized based on Michael addition and characterized using NMR. All the synthesized compounds were checked for their in vitro \u03b1-amylase and \u03b1-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Further the synthesized compounds were also explored for their antioxidant activities, i.e, DPPH and ABTS assays. Based on the in vitro results, the synthesized compounds were further evaluated for in vivo antidiabetic activity. The synthesized compounds were (2-oxocyclohexyl)-1-phenylpyrrolidine-2,5-dione (BW1), benzyl-3-(2-oxocyclohexyl) pyrrolidine-2,5-dione (BW2), and (4-bromophenyl)-3-(2-oxocyclohexyl) pyrrolidine-2,5-dione (BW3). BW1 showed the highest inhibitory activity for DPPH causing 83.03\u2009\u00b1\u20090.48 at 500\u2009\u03bcg\/ml with IC50 value of 10.84\u2009\u03bcg\/ml and highest inhibitory activity for ABTS causing 78.35\u2009\u00b1\u20090.23 at 500\u2009\u03bcg\/ml with IC50 value of 9.40\u2009\u03bcg\/ml against ascorbic acid used as standard. BW1 also exhibited the highest activity against \u03b1-amylase and \u03b1-glucosidase inhibition causing 81.60\u2009\u00b1\u20090.00 at concentrations of 500\u2009\u03bcg\/ml with IC50 value of 13.90\u2009\u03bcg\/ml and 89.08\u2009\u00b1\u20091.04 at concentrations of 500\u2009\u03bcg\/ml with IC50 value of 10.49\u2009\u03bcg\/ml, respectively, against the standard drug acarbose.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1445604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T17:50:07Z","timestamp":1648489807000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Synthesis, Antioxidant, and Antidiabetic Activities of Ketone Derivatives of Succinimide"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"given":"Bushra","family":"Waheed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Swabi, Swabi, KP, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Muhammad","family":"Mukarram Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Swabi, Swabi, KP, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fida","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Swabi, Swabi, KP, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Ijaz","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Swabi, Swabi, KP, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anwar","family":"Zeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Swabi, Swabi, KP, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2411-6510","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Muhammad Saeed","family":"Jan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Swabi, Swabi, KP, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus in developing countries and case series","volume-title":"Diabetes Mellitus-Insights And Perspectives","author":"O. 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